MKONHA,  THE  LAST  TUTELO. 
IN   1870;  AGED   106. 


March  2, 1883.]  l  (Hale. 


PROCEEDINGS  \ 

OF   THE 

AMERICAN    PHILOSOPHICAL    SOCIETY. 

HELD  AT  PfllLADElPHIl  FOR  PROMOTING  USEFUL  DOWLEDIJE.  } 


VOL.  XXr.  1883. 


THE  TUTELO  TRIBE  AND  LANGUAGE. 
By  HoKATio  IIai.e. 

(^Reai  before  the  American  Philosophical  Society,  March  2,  ISSS.) 

The  tribes  of  the  Dakota  stock,  under  various  designations — Osagcs, 
Quappas,  Kansas,  Otoes,  Oinahas,  Minitarees  (or  Ilidatsas),  lowas,  Man- 
dans,  Sioux  (or  Dakotas  proper)  and  Assiniboins,  have  always  been  regarded 
as  a  people  of  the  western  prtvirie^,  whose  proper  home  was  the  vast  region 
lying  west  of  the  Mississippi,  and  stretching  from  the  Arkansas  River  on 
the  south  to  the  Saskatcliawan  on  the  north.  Asingletribe,  theWinnebagoes, 
who  dwelt  cast  of  the  Mississippi,  near  the  western  shore  of  Lake  Michi- 
gan, were  deemed  to  be  intruders  into  the  territory  of  the  Algonkin  nations. 
Tlie  fact,  which  has  baen  recently  ascertained,  that  several  tribes  speaking 
languages  of  the  Dakota  stock  were  found  by  the  earliest  explorers  occu- 
pying tlie  country  east  of  the  AUeghenies,  along  a  line  extending  through 
the  soutlicrn  part  of  Virginia  and  the  northern  portion  of  North  Carolina, 
nearly  to  the  Atlantic  ocean,  has  naturally  awakened  much  interest.  This 
interest  will  be  heightened  if  it  shall  appear  that  not  only  must  our  ethno- 
graphical maps  of  North  America  be  modified,  but  that  a  new  element  has 
been  introduced  Into  the  theory  of  Indian  migrations.  Careful  researches 
seem  to  show  that  while  the  language  of  these  eastern  tribes  is  closely 
allied  to  that  of  the  western  Dakotas,  it  bears  evidence  of  being  older 
in  form.  If  this  conclusion  shall  be  verified,  the  supposition,  whiciv  at  first 
was  natural,  that  those  eastern  tribes  were  merely  otfshoots  of  tln'  Dakota 
stock,  must  be  deemed  at  least  improbable.  Tlie  course  of  migration  may 
be  found  to  have  followed  the  contrary  direction,  and  the  western  Dakotas, 
like  the  western  Algonkins,  may  find  their  parent  stock  in  the  oast.  As 
a  means  of  solving  this  interesting  problem,  the  study  of  the  liistory  and 
language  of  a  tribe  now  virtually  extinct  assumes  a  peculiar  scientific  value. 
Philologists  will  notice,  also,  that  in  this  study  there  is  presented  to  them 
a  remarkable  instance  of  an  inflected  language  closely  allied  in  its  vocabu- 

PROO.  AMEU.  PHIL03.  BOC.  XXI.  114.  A.      PRINTED  MARGH  20,  1883. 


/ 


Hale.]  ^  (March  2, 

lary  anil  in  m  iny  of  its  forms  to  cllulects  which  are  mainly  agglutinative 
in  their  structure,  and  bear  but  sliglit  traces  of  inflection. 

In  tlio  year  1671  an  exploring  party  under  Captain  BxU,  leaving  "the 
Aporaatocli  Town,"  on  tlie  James  River,  penetrated  into  tlie  mountains 
of  Western  Virginia,  at  a  distance,  by  tlie  route  they  traveled,  of  two  hun- 
dred and  fifty  miles  from  tlieir  starting  point.  At  this  point  they  found 
"  the  Tolera  Town  in  a  very  rich  swamp  between  a  breach  [branclj]  and 
the  miin  river  of  tlie  Roanolce,  circled  about  by  mountains."*  Tiiere  are 
many  errata  in  the  printed  narrative,  and  the  circumstances  leave  no 
doubt  that  "Tolera"  should  be  "  Totera."  On  their  way  to  tliis  town  the 
party  had  passed  tlie  Sipong  [Sapony]  town,  whicli,  according  to  tlio 
journal,  was  about  one  hundred  and  fifty  miles  west  of  tlie  Apomatock 
Town,  and  about  a  hundred  miles  east  of  the  "Toleras."  A  few  years 
later  wo  shall  find  tlie.se  tribes  in  closer  vicinity  and  connection. 

At  tliis  period  tlie  Five  Nations  were  at  the  height  of  their  power,  and  in 
the  full  flush  of  tliat  career  of  conquest  which  extended  their  empire  from 
the  Georgian  Bay  on  the  north  to  the  Roanoke  River  on  tlie  south.  They 
had  destroyed  the  Hurons  and  tlie  Eries,  had  crushed  the  .'  idastes  (or 
Conestoga  Indians),  hvd  reduced  the  Delawares  to  subjection,  and  were 
now  brought  into  direct  collision  with  the  tribes  of  Virginia  and  the  Caro- 
Unas.  The  Toteras  (whom  we  shall  henceforth  know  as  the  Tuteloes) 
began  to  feel  their  power.  In  1633  the  French  missionaries  had  occasion 
to  record  a  projected  expedition  of  tlie  Senecas  against  a  people  designated 
in  tlio  printed  letter  the  "Tolere," — the  same  misprint  occurring  once 
more  in  the  same  publication.!  The  traditions  of  the  Tuteloes  record  long 
continued  and  destructive  wars  waged  against  them  and  their  allies  by 
the  Iroquois,  and  more  especially  by  tlie  two  western  nations,  the  Cayu- 
gas  and  Senecas.  To  escape  the  incursions  of  tlieir  numerous  and  relent- 
less enemies,  they  retreated  further  to  the  south  and  east.  Here  they 
came  under  the  observation  of  a  skilled  explorer,  John  Lawson,  the  Sur- 
veyor-General of  South  Carolina.  In  1701,  Lawson  traveled  from  Char- 
leston, S.  C,  to  Pamlicosound.  In  tliis  journey  he  left  the  sea-coastat  the 
mouth  of  the  Santee  river,  and  pursued  a  northward  course  into  the  hilly 
country,  whence  he  turned  eastward  to  Pamlico.  At  the  Sapona  river, 
which  was  the  west  brancli  of  the  Cape  Fear  or  Clarendon  river,  he  came 
to  the  Sapona  town,  where  he  was  well  received.  $  He  there  heard  of  the 
Toteros  as  "a  neighboring  nation  "in  the  "western  mountains."  "At 
that  time,"  he  adds,  "these  Toteros,  Saponas,  and  the  Keyawees,  three 
small  nations,  were  going  to  live  together,  by  which  they  thought  they 
should  strengthen  themselves  and  become  formidable  to  their  enemies." 

*Batt'8  Journal  and  Relation  of  a  New  Discovery,  la  N.  Y.  Hist.  Col.  Vol.  ill, 
p.  191. 

tLiiiiibrevllle  to  Bruyas,  Nov.  4,  IB36,  In  N.  Y.  Hist.  Col.,  Vol.  HI,  p.  48*. 

X  (ittllatln  sH'jrgests  that  Lawaon  was  here  la  error,  and  that  the  Sapona  river 
was  a  branch  of  the  Great  Pedee,  which  he  does  not  mention,  and  some  branches 
which  he  evidently  mistook  for  tributaries  of  the  Cape  Fear  rlvev.Si/nop$i$  of 
the  Indian  Tribet,  p.  85, 


1883.1  ■  *  [Hale. 

They  were  then  at  war  with  the  powerful  and  dreaded  Senecas— whom 
Lawson  styles  Sinnagers.  While  he  was  at  the  Sapona  town,  some  of  the 
Toteras  warriors  came  to  visit  their  allies.  Lawson  was  strucli  with  their 
appearance.  He  describes  them,  in  his  qnaint  idiom,  as  "tall,  liltely  men, 
hiving  great  plenty  of  buffaloes,  elks  and  bears,  with  every  sort  of  deer, 
amoiigst  them,  which  strong  food  makes  large,  robust  bodies."  In  another 
place  he  adds:  "Tliese  five  nations  of  the  Toteros,  Saponas,  Keiauwees, 
Aconechos  and  Schoicories  arc  lately  come  amongst  us,  and  may  contain 
in  all  about  750  men,  women  and  children."*  It  is  known  tliat  the  Tote- 
roes  (or  Tuteloes)  and  Siponas  understood  eacli  other's  speech,  and  it  is 
higlily  probable  that  all  the  five  tribes  belonged  to  the  same  stock.  They 
had  doubtless  fled  together  from  southwestern  Virginia  before  their  Iro- 
quois invaders.  Tlie  position  in  which  they  had  taken  refuge  might  well 
have  seemed  to  them  safe,  as  it  placed  between  them  and  their  enemies 
the  strong  and  warlike  Tuscarora  nation,  which  numbered  then,  accord- 
ing to  Lawson's  estimate,  twelve  hundred  warriors,  clustered  in  fifteen 
towns,  stretching  along  tlie  Neuse  and  Tar  rivers.  Yet,  even  behind  this 
living  rampart,  the  feeble  confederates  were  not  secure.  Lawson  was 
shown,  near  the  Sapona  town,  the  graves  of  seven  Indians  wlio  liad  been 
latel}'  killed  by  the  "Sinnegars  or  Jennitos" — names  by  which  Gallatin 
understands  the  Senecas  and  Oneidas,  though  as  regards  the  latter  identi- 
fication there  may  be  some  question. 

The  noteworthy  fact  mentioned  by  Lawson,  that  buffaloes  were  found 
in  "great  plenty"  in  the  hilly  country  on  the  head  waters  of  the  Cape 
Fear  river,  may  be  thought  to  afford  a  clue  to  the  causes  which  account 
for  tlie  appearance  of  tribes  of  Dakota  lineage  east  of  the  Alleghenies.  The 
Dakotas  are  peculiarly  a  hunting  race,  and  the  buffalo  is  their  favorite 
game.  The  fact  that  the  Big  Sandy  river,  wliich  flows  westward  from  the 
Alleghenies  to  the  Ohio,  and  wliose  head  waters  approach  those  of  the 
Cape  Fear  river,  was  anciently  known  as  the  Totteroy  river,  has  been 
supposed  to  afford  an  indication  tliat  the  progress  of  the  Toteros  or  Tute- 
los,  and  perhaps  of  the  buffaloes  which  they  hunted,  may  be  traced  along 
its  course  from  the  Ohio  valley  eastward.  There  are  evidences  which  seem 
to  show  that  this  valley  was  at  one  time  the  residence,  or  at  least  the  hunt- 
ing-ground, of  tribes  of  the  Dakota  stock.  Gravier  (in  1700)  affirms  that 
the  Ohio  river  was  called  by  the  Illinois  and  the  Miamis  the  Akansea 
river,  because  the  Akanseaa  formerly  dwelt  along  it.f  The  Akanseas 
were  identical  with  the  Quappas,  and  have  at  a  later  day  given  their  name 
to  the  river  and  State  of  Arkansas.    Catlin  found  reason  for  believing 

*  Lawaon's  "  History  of  Carolina ;"  reprinted  by  Strother  &  Marcotn.  Raleigh, 
1860  ;  p.  384. 

t"Elle"  (the  Ohio)  "  s'appello  par  les  Illiaola  et  paries  Oumlamis  la  rlvlftre 
des  Akanseas,  parceque  les  Akanseas  I'habltolent  autrefois. "—Gravier,  Helatlon 
du  Voyage,  p.  10.  I  am  indebted  for  this  and  other  references  to  ray  esteemed 
friend,  Dr,  J.  G.  Shea,  whose  unsurpassed  knowledge  of  Indian  history  la  not 
more  admirable  than  the  liberality  with  which  its  stores  are  placed  at  the  com- 
mand of  his  friends. 


Hiilp.]  *  [March  2, 

that  the  Mtviidiins,  another  tribe  of  the  Si)nlhern  Dakota  stock,  formerly 
— and  at  no  very  distant  period — resided  in  the  valley  of  the  Ohio.  Tiie 
peculiar  traces  in  the  soil  which  marked  the  foundations  of  their  dwellings 
and  the  p:)sition  of  their  villages  were  evident,  heafllrms,  at  various  points 
along  that  river.  It  is  by  no  means  improbable  that  when  the  buffalo 
abounded  on  the  Ohio,  the  Dakota  tribes  found  its  valley  their  natural 
liome,  and  that  they  receded  Avith  it  to  the  westward  of  the  Mississippi. 
But  the  inference  that  the  region  west  of  the  Mississippi  was  the  original 
home  of  the  Dakotas,  and  that  those  of  that  stock  who  dwe.t  on  the  Ohio 
or  cast  of  the  Alleghcnics  were  emigrants  from  the  AVeslern  prairies,  does 
not,  by  any  m';ans,  follow.  By  the  same  course  of  reasoning  we  might 
conclude  that  the  Aryans  had  their  original  .seat  in  Western  Europe,  that 
the  Portuguese  were  emigrants  from  Brazil,  and  that  the  English  derived 
their  origin  from  America.  The  migrations  of  races  are  not  to  be  traced 
by  such  recent  and  casual  vestiges  The  only  evidence  which  has  real 
weight  in  any  inquiry  respecting  migrations  in  prehistoric  times  is  that 
of  language  ;  and  where  this  fails,  as  it  sometimes  does,  the  question  must 
be  pronounced  unsoluble. 

The  protection  which  the  Tuteloes  had  received  from  the  Tuscaroras 
and  their  allies  soon  failed  ihein.  In  the  year  17il  a  war  broke  out  between 
the  Tuscaroras  and  the  Carolina  settlers,  which  ended  during  the  following 
year  in  the  complete  defeat  of  the  Indians.  A^ter  their  overthrow  the 
great  body  of  the  Tuscaroras  retniated  northward  and  joined  the  Iroquois, 
who  received  them  into  their  league  as  the  sixth  nation  of  the  confederacy. 
A  portion,  however,  remained  near  Iheic  original  home.  They  merely  re- 
tired a  short  distance  northward  into  the  Virginian  territory,  and  took  up 
their  abode  in  the  tract  which  lies  between  the  Roanoke  and  the  Potomac 
rivers.  Here  they  were  allowed  to  remain  at  peace,  under  the  protection  of 
the  Virginian  government.  And  here  they  were  ])resently  joined  by  the 
Tuteloes  and  Saponas,  with  their  confederates.  In  September,  1T2-J,  the 
governors  of  New  York,  Pennsylvania,  and  Virginia,  held  a  conference  at 
Albany  with  the  chiefs  of  the  Iroquois,  to  endeavor  to  bring  about  a  peace 
between  them  and  the  southern  tribes.  On  this  occasion  Governor  Spottes- 
wood,  of  Virginia,  enumerated  the  tribes  for  which  the  government  of 
his  Province  would  undertake  to  engage.  Among  them  were  certain 
tribes  which  were  commonly  known  under  the  name  of  the  "C'hristanna 
Indians,"  a  name  derived  from  that  of  a  fort  which  had  been  established 
in  their  neighborhood.  These  were  "the  Saponies,  Ochineeches,  Sten- 
kenoaks,  Meipontskj's,  and  Toteroes,"  all  of  whom,  it  appears,  the  Iro- 
quois were  accustomed  to  comprehend  under  the  name  of  Todirichrones.* 

Some  confusion  and  uncertainty,  however,  arise  in  consulting  the  col- 
onial records  of  this  time,  from  the  fact  that  this  name  of  Todirichrones  was 
applied  by  the  Iroquois  to  two  distinct  tribes,  or  rather  confederacies,  of 
Southern  Indians,  belonging  to  different  stocks,  and  speaking  languages 

•N.  Y.  Hist.  Col.,  Vol.  V,  p.  055  et  seq. 


1883.]  5  („„,„_ 

totally  dissimilar.  These  wore,  on  the  one  hiiiid,  the  Tiitelnes  (or  Tote- 
roes)  iiiul  their  nllies,  mid,  on  the  other,  the  powerful  Catii\vl)iv  nation. 
The  Catawhas  occupied  the  eastern  portion  ol  the  Carolinas,  souih  of  the 
Tuscarora  nation.  At  the  beginning  of  the  last  century  they  numbered 
several  thousand  souls.  As  late  as  174;J,  according  to  Adair,  tiiey  could 
still  muster  four  hundred  warriors.  A  bitter  animosity  existed  between 
them  and  the  Iroquois,  leading  to  frequent  hostilities,  which  the  English 
authorities  at  this  conference  sought  to  repress.  It  was  the  policy  of  the 
Iroquois,  from  ancient  times,  always  to  yield  to  overtures  of  peace  from 
any  Indian  nation.  On  this  occasion  they  responded  in  their  usual  spirit. 
"Tiiough  there  is  among  you,"  they  replied  to  the  Virginians,  "a  nation, 
the  Todirichrones,  against  whom  we  have  had  so  inveterate  an  enmity 
that  we  thought  it  could  only  be  extinguished  by  their  total  extirpation, 
yet,  since  you  desire  it,  we  are  willing  to  receive  them  into  this  peace,  and 
to  forget  all  the  past."* 

The  Catawba  language  is  a  peculiar  speech,  dilVering  wiibly,  if  not  radU 
call3^  both  from  the  Dakota  and  from  tiie  Iroquois  languagcs.f  The  only 
connection  between  tlie  Catawbas  and  theTuteloes  appears  to  have  arisen 
from  the  fact  that  they  were  neiglilwring,  and  •jierhaps  politically  allied 
tribes,  and  were  alike  engaged  in  hostilities  with  the  Irofiuois.  The 
latter,  however,  seem  to  have  confounded  them  all  together,  under  the 
name  of  the  tribe  which  lay  nearest  to  the  confederacy  and  was  the  best 
known  to  them. 

One  result  of  the  peace  thus  established  was  that  the  Tuteloes  and 
Saponas,  after  a  time,  determined  to  follow  the  course  which  had  been 
taken  by  the  major  portion  of  their  Tuscarora  friends,  and  place  them- 
selves directly  under  the  protection  of  the  Six  Natitms.  Moving  north- 
ward across  Virginia,  thoy  established  themselves  at  Shamokin  (since 
named  Sunbury)  in  what  is  now  the  centre  of  Pennsylvania.  It  was  a 
region  which  the  Iroquois  held  by  right  of  conquest,  its  former  occupants, 
the  Delaware's  and  Shawanese,  having  been  eitlier  expelled  or  reduced  to 
subjection.     Here,  under  the  shatlow  of  the  great  confederacy,  many  frag- 

•  X.  Y.  Hist.  Col.,  Vol.  V,  p.  («J0. 

t  Ualtatln,  111  bis  Synopsis  classes  the  Cata\vl)a  as  a  separate  stock-,  distinct 
from  tlic  Dakota.  The  vocabulary  which  he  jc'ves  seems  to  warrant  this  seiia- 
ratloii,  the  i'oseinl)laiices  of  words  heinj^  fnw  and  of  a  doubtful  eli;iriicler.  On 
the  other  hand, In  llui  llrst  annual  report  ol"  the  Ituri'jui  of  Kihnolojiy  connected 
with  tlie  SiulllHonlan  Institution  (Introduction,  \),  xix)  the  Kutiiba  (or  Catawba) 
is  i'unke<l  uiuoii!?  the  lanfj(niij;es  of  th(!  DiiUotan  taniily.  My  estei'nied  corre- 
spoiulent,  Mr,  A.  8.  Galschet.whoseextensiveueiiuiilntiincc  wilh  Indliu  Mnj^ulst- 
Ics  gives  great  weight  to  hisoplnlon  on  any  subject  connected  witli  this  study, 
liifoMUH  mo  (March  HI,  IHS'i)  that  this  elassllicatlou  was  conjectural  and  provi- 
sional, and  that  his  suljsequent  researches  among  the  few  survivors  ot  the  tribe 
have  not  yet  resultedin  conllrminglt.  Tlieyshow  certain  tnicesof  resemblance, 
both  In  the  vocabulary  und  tli(!  syntax,  but  too  slight  and  distant  to  make  the 
ttlUliatioii  certain.  We  sliall  have,  as  tic  remai'Us,  "to  compare  nioru  material, 
or  more  attentively  that  wliicli  we  have,  to  arrive  at  a  Onal  result." 


Halc.J  •  "  [Mnrch2, 

mcnts  of  broken  tribes  were  now  congregated — Conoys,  Nanticokes,  Del- 
awares,  Tuteloes,  and  oibers. 

In  September,  1745,  tbe  missionary,  David  Bniinerd,  visited  Shamokin. 
He  describes  it  in  his  diary  as  containing  upwards  of  fifty  bouses  and 
nearly  three  hundred  persons.  "They  are,"  he  says,  "of  three  different 
tribes  of  Indians,  speaking  tluee  languages  wholly  unintelligible  to  each 
other.  About  one  half  of  its  inhabitants  are  Delawares,  the  others  Senekas 
and  Tutelas."*  Three  years  later,  in  the  summer  of  1748,  an  exploring 
party  of  Moravian  missionaries  passed  through  tbe  same  region.  The 
celebrated  Zeisberger,  who  was  one  of  them,  has  left  a  record  of  their 
travels.  From  this  we  gather  that  the  whole  of  the  Tuteloes  were  not 
congregated  in  Shamokin.  Before  reaching  that  town,  they  pas.sed  through 
Skogari,  in  what  is  now  Columbia  county.  In  Zeisberger's  biography  the 
impression  formed  of  this  town  by  the  travelers  is  expressed  in  brief  but 
emphatic  terms.  It  was  "tlieonly  town  on  the  continent  inhabited  by 
Tuteloes,  a  degenerate  remnant  of  thieves  and  drunkards."!  Tiiis  dis- 
paraging description  was  perhai>s  not  unmerited.  Yet  some  regard  must  be 
paid  to  a  fact  of  which  the  good  missionary  could  not  be  aware,  namely, 
that  the  Indians  wlio  are  qliaracterized  in  these  unsavory  terms  belonged 
to  a  stock  distinguished  from  the  other  Indians  whom  be  knew  by  certain 
marked  trails  of  character.  Those  who  are  familiar  with  the  various 
branches  of  the  Indian  race  are  aware  that  every  tribe,  and  still  more 
every  main  stock,  or  ethnic  family,  has  certain  8i>ecial  characteristics,  both 
physical  and  mental.  The  Mohawk  differs  in  look  and  character  decidedly 
from  the  Onondaga,  the  Delaware  from  the  Sbawanese,  the  Sioux  from 
the  Mandan  ;  and  between  the  great  divisions  to  which  these  tribes  belong, 
the  differences  are  much  more  strongly  marked.  Tlie  Iroquois  have  been 
styled  "t'ae  Romans  of  the  West."  Tlie  designation  is  more  just  than  is 
usual  in  such  comparisons.  Indeed,  the  resemblance  between  these  great 
conquering  communities  is  strikingly  marked.  The  same  politic  fore- 
.thought  in  council,  the  same  respect  for  laws  and  treaties,  the  same  love 
of  conquest,  the  same  relentless  determination  in  war,  the  same  clemency 
to  the  utterly  vanquished,  a  like  readiness  to  strengthen  their  power  b}' 
the  admission  of  strangers  to  the  citizenship,  an  equal  reliance  on  strong 
fortifications,  similar  customs  of  forming  outlying  colonies,  and  of  ruling 
subject  nations  by  proconsular  deputies,  a  similar  admixture  of  aristocracy 
and  democracy  in  their  constitution,  a  like  taste  for  agriculture,  even  a 
notable  similarity  in  the  strong  and  heavy  mould  of  figure  and  tbe  bold 
and  massive  features,  marked  the  two  peoples  who,  on  widely  distant 
theatres  of  action,  achieved  not  dissimilar  destinies. 

Pursuingthesame  clas-sical  comparison,  we  might  liken  the  nearest  neigh- 
bors of  tbe  Iroquois,  the  tribes  of  the  Algonkin  stock,  whose  natural  tntits 
are  exem.  llfled  in  their  renowned  sachems,  Powhatan,  Philip  of  Pokano- 

*  Life  of  Bralnerd,  p.  167,  Am.  Tract  8oo.  edition.    Quotod  in  the  "  Life  of  Zeis- 
berge-,"  by  De  Soliwelnltz,  p.  71. 
f  Life  of  Zeisberger,  by  Du  Soliweinitz,  p,  149. 


1  '  [Hnle. 

ket,  Mlivntanomiih,  Pontiac,  and  Tecumseli,  to  the  ingenious  and  versatile 
Greeks,  capable  of  heroism,  but  incapable  of  political  union,  or  of  long-sus- 
tained ef!ort.  A  not  less  notable  resemblance  might  be  found  bt-twocn  the 
wild  and  wandering  Scythians  of  old,  and  the  wild  and  wandering  tribes 
of  the  great  Dakotan  stock.  Reckless  and  rapacious,  untamable  and  fickle, 
fond  of  the  chase  and  the  fight,  and  no  less  eager  for  the  dance  and  the 
feast,  the  modern  Dakotas  present  all  the  traits  which  the  Greek  Iiistorians 
and  travelers  remarked  in  the  barbarous  nomads  who  roamed  along  their 
northern  and  eastern  frontiers. 

The  Tuteloes,  far  from  the  main  body  of  their  race,  and  oncireled  by 
tribes  of  Algonkin  and  Iroquois  lineage,  showed  all  the  distinctive  charac- 
teristics of  the  stock  to  which  they  belonged.  Tlic  tall,  robust  huntsmen 
of  Lawson,  chasers  of  the  elk  and  the  deer,  had  apparently  degenerated, 
half  a  century  later,  into  a  "remnant  of  thieves  and  drunkards."  at 
least  as  seen  in  the  hurried  view  of  a  passing  missionary.  Hut  it 
would  seem  that  their  red-skinned  neighbors  saw  in  them  some  ciualities 
which  gained  their  respect  and  liking.  Five  years  after  Zeisborger's  visit, 
the  Iroquois,  who  had  held  them  hitherto  under  a  species  of  tutelage,  de- 
cided to  admit  them,  together  with  their  fellow-refugees,  the  Algonkin 
Nanticokes  from  the  Eastern  Shore  of  Maryland,  to  the  full  honors  of  the 
confederacy.  The  step  received  the  commendation  of  so  shrewd  a  judge  as 
Colonel  (afterwards  Sir  William)  Johnson.  At  a  great  council  of  tlie  Six 
Nations,  held  at  Onondaga  in  September,  1733,  Colonel  Johnson  congratu- 
lated the  Cayugas  on  the  resolution  they  had  formed  of  "strengthening  their 
castle  "  by  taking  in  the  Tedarighroones.*  At  about  the  same  time  a  band 
of  Delawares  was  received  Into  the  League.  When  a  great  council  was  to 
be  convened  in  1756,  to  confer  with  Colonel  Johnson  on  tlie  subject  of  the 
French  war,  wampum  belts  were  sent  to  nine  "nations"  of  the 
confederacy.t  From  this  time  the  chiefs  of  the  Tuteloes,  as  well  as  o 
the  Nanticokes  and  the  Delawares,  took  their  seats  in  the  Council  of  the 
League,  a  position  which  they  still  hold  in  the  Canadian  branch  of  the  con- 
federacy, though  the  tribs?  whom  thoy  represent  Iiave  ceased  to  exist  as 
such,  and  have  become  absorbed  in  the  larger  nations. 

It  would  seem,  however,  that  their  removal  from  tlieir  lands  on  the  Sus- 
quehanna to  the  proper  territory  of  the  Six  Nations  did  not  take  place  im- 
mediately after  their  reception  into  the  Loaguc,  and  perhaps  was  never 
wholly  completed.  In  an  "account  of  the  location  of  the  Indian  tribes," 
prepvred  by  Sir  William  Johnson  in  November,  1763,  the  four  small  tribes 
of  "Nanticokes,  Conoys,  Tutecoas  [an  evident  misprint]  and  Saponeys," 
are  bracketed  together  in  the  list  as  mustering  in  all  two  luuulred  men,  and 
are  described  as  "a  people  removed  from  the  southward,  and  settled  on  or 
about  the  Susquehanna,  on  lands  allotted  by  the  Six  Nations."| 

Though  the  Tuteloes  were  thus  recognized  as  one  of  the  nations  of  the 

•  N.  Y.  Hist.  Col.  Vol.  vl,  p.  811. 

t  stone's  Life  of  Sir  William  Jolinson,  Vol.  1,  p.  484. 

X  Ibid.,  Vol.  II,  j>.  487. 


Ilalc]  8  [March  2, 

{•onfedcmrj',  iind  ns  such  kept  up tlicir  distinct  triliiil  orfjiiniztilioii,  tli(>y  were 
irgiirded  us  belli)?  ir:  a  special  maimer  t lie  friends  and  allies  of  tiie  Cay- 
iij^as.  Tiie  latter,  atrii)e  always  noted  for  their  kindly  temper,  rec((iv(!d  tlic 
new  comers  williin  Iheir  territory,  and  pav(!  them  a  site  for  tiieir  town, 
wliich  of  c'onrse  l»roiiirht  witli  it  llie  liuntin^  and  llshinjf  privilei^es  neces- 
sary for  their  existence.  Tlic  principal  C'ayu'^^a  villages  were  (•Justered 
al)out  the  lake  to  wliieh  the  nation  has  fiiven  its  name.  Soutli  of  them  lay 
the  land  assigned  to  the  Tiileloes.  Tlieir  (■Jdef  seltlenu'nt,  accoiding  to  a 
careful  ol)scrver,  was  on  the  east  side  of  Cayuga  inlet,  about  llnce  miles 
from  the  soutli  end  of  Cayuga  lake,  and  two  miles  south  of  Ithaca.  "Tlie 
town  was  on  tlic  liigh  ground  soutli  of  the  sciiool-hoiise,  nearly  oiipositc 
IJuttciiiiilk  Falls,  on  the  farm  of  James  Fleming.  On  tlie  Guy  Johnson's 
map  of  1771,  it  figures  (by  a  slight  misprint)  as  Todcvigh-rcmo.  It  was 
called  in  the  Journal  of  General  Dearborn,  Corcorgoi"!  ;  in  tlie  Journal  of 
G 'orge  Gr.ml  (177!)),  D.'liiiriss-kanadia  ;  and  on  a  inaii  made  alioiit  tlio 
same  date  Ivayeghtalagealat."* 

The  town  was  destroyed  in  1770  by  General  Sullivan,  in  the  expedition 
Miiicli  avenged,  so  disastrously  for  tin;  Six  Nations,  the  ravages  coinmitted 
liy  them  upon  the  settlements  of  their  Avliite  neiglibors.  The  result,  as  is 
well  known,  was  the  destruction  of  the  ancient  confederacy.  Of  tlie  broken 
tribes,  some  fragiucnls  reinaiiKul  in  their  origintil  s'jats,  siibiuilting  to  the 
compierors.  All  the  Moliawlvs,  tlie  greater  pjirt  of  the  Cayugas,  about  lialfof 
the  Onondagas,  and  many  of  the  Oneidas,  witli  a  few  of  tlie  Scniecas  and 
Tiiscaroras,  followed  Brant  to  Canada.  The  liritisli  government  funiislied 
tliein  with  lands,  mostly  along  the  Grand  River,  in  the  territory  wliich  in 
ancient  times  had  bi.'eii  compiered  by  the  Iroipiois  from  the  people  who 
wore  styled  the  Neutral  Nation.  Tlio  Tuteloes  accoini)anied  their  friends 
the  Cayuga.s.  A  place  was  found  for  them  in  a  locality  wliich  seemed  at 
the  time  attractive  and  desirable,  but  which  proved  most  unl'ortiniate  for 
them.  They  built  their  town  on  a  pleasant  elevation,  which  stretches  along 
the  western  bank  of  the  Cfrand  lliver,  and  still  bears  tlie  name  «)f  Tutelo 
Heights.   Umler  this  name  it  now  forms  a  suburb  of  tlie  city  of  Hrantford. 

Fifty  years  ago,  when  the  (iresent  city  was  a  raero  liamlc;,  occupied  by 
a  few  venturous  Indian  traders  and  pioneers,  the  Tutelo  cabins  w(!rc  scat- 
tered over  these  heights,  having  in  the  midst  their  "long-house  "  in  which 
their  trilial  councils  were  held,  and  their  festivals  celebrated.  Tliej- are 
said  to  have  numbered  then  about  two  hundred  souls.  Tliej'  retained  aj)- 
parently  the  reckless  habits  and  love  of  enjoyment  which  had  distin- 
guished them  in  former  times.  Old  people  still  remember  the  uproar  of  the 
ilances  which  enlivened  their  council-house.     Unhappily,  the  position  of 

*'I  am  iuflcbtcd  for  this  and  much  ottier  valuablo  Infonnatloii  to  my  fiieiid 
Goiieral  .loliii  S.  Clarlt,  of  Auburn,  X.  Y.,  wlio  lias  made  tlio  locatlim  and  mis^ra- 
tlons  of  the  Indian  tribes  the  subject  of  a  special  study.  Of  tins  above  names 
Dchoriss  kaimdla  is  apparent ly  a  corruption  of  the  Moliawk  words  TeUolerinh 
fraH«(/«,  Tutelo  town.  The  other  words  are  probably,  like  most  Indian  names 
of  i)liice8,  di'scriptlvo  designations,  but  are  too  much  corrupteil  to  bo  satisfac- 
torily deciphered. 


lf»3.]  .W  [Hnlo. 

their  town  brought  them  into  direct  fontact  witli  llie  wliitu  pellloinenlH. 
Tlicir  fniincs,  eiifoubled  by  dissipniion,  were  un  easy  prey  to  tlie  diseiirtcs 
wliicli  followed  in  the  track  of  the  now  population.  In  IHiJJ,  thtj  Asiatic; 
cholera  foinid  many  victinis  on  the  Indian  Iteserve.  The  Tl:tell)«i^4,  in  pro- 
portion to  their  numbers,  suH'ered  the  most.  The  f^reater  part  of  the  tribe 
perished.  Those  who  escaped  dims  t'>  tlH-ir  habitations  a  few  years  longer. 
But  the  second  visitation  of  the  dreadfid  plagm;  in  184S  coinidi'ted  the 
work  of  the  first.  The  Tutelo  nation  ceased  to  exist.  The  few  survivors 
fled  from  the  Heights  to  which  they  have  left  their  name,  and  took  refuge 
among  their  Cayuga  friends.  By  intermarriage  with  these  allies,  the  small 
remnant  was  soon  absorbed  ;  and  in  the  year  1870,  only  one  Tutelo  of  the 
full  blood  was  known  to  bo  living,  the  last  survivorof  tlie  tribe  of  stalwart 
•  hunters  and  daring  warriors  whom  Lawson  encountered  in  Carolina  a  hun- 
dred and  seventy  years  before. 

Tliis  last  surviving  Tutelo  lived  amo  ig  the  Cayugas,  f  nd  was  known  to 
them  by  the  name  of  Nikonha.  (>k(  nha  in  the  Cayuga  dialetrt  signifies 
nios(piito.  Nikonha  was  sometimes,  in  answer  to  my  inquiries,  rendered 
"mosquito,"  and  sometimes  "liitle."  perhaps  in  the  sense  of  mos((uito- 
like.  His  Tutelo  name  was  said  to  be  Waskiteng  ;  its  meaning  could  not 
be  ascertained,  and  it  was  perhaps  merely  a  corruption  of  the  Knglish  word 
mosquito.  At  all  events,  it  was  by  tlie  rattier  odd  cognomen  of  "Old 
Mosquito,"  that  he  was  commonly  known  among  the  whites  ;  and  he  was 
even  so  designated,  I  believe,  in  tlu;  pension  list,  in  which  he  had  a  place 
as  having  served  in  the  war  of  1812.  AVhat  in  common  repute  was  deemed 
to  be  the  most  notable  fact  in  regard  to  him  was  his  great  age.  lie  was 
considered  by  far  the  oldest  man  on  the  Reserve.  His  age  was  said  to  ex- 
ceed a  century  ;  and  in  confirmation  of  this  opinion  it  was  related  that  ho 
had  fought  under  Bi-ant  In  the  American  war  of  Independence.  >Iy  friend, 
Cliief  George  Johnson,  the  government  interpreter,  accompanied  us  to  the 
residence  of  the  old  man,  a  log  cabin,  built  on  a  small  eminence  near  the 
centre  of  the  Reserve.  His  appearanc^e,  as  we  first  saw  hiiii,  basking  in  the 
sunshine  on  the  slope  before  his  cabin,  confirmed  the  reports  which  I  had 
heard,  both  of  his  great  age  and  of  his  marked  intelligence.  "  A  wrinkled, 
smiling  countenance,  a  high  forehead,  half-shut  eyes,  white  hair,  a 
scanty,  stubbly  beard,  fingei-s  bent  with  age  like  a  bird's  claws,"  is  the 
description  recorded  in  my  note  book.  Not  only  in  physiognomy,  but 
also  in  demeanor  and  character,  he  differed  strikingly  from  the  gmve  and 
composed  Iroquois  among  whom  he  dwelt.  The  lively,  mirlliful  disposi- 
tion of  his  race  survived  in  full  force  in  its  late;t  member.  His  replies  to 
our  inciuiries  were  intermingled  with  many  jocose  remarks,  and  much 
good-humored  laughter. 

He  was  married  to  a  Cayuga  wife,  and  for  many  years  had  spoken  only 
the  language  of  her  people.  But  Ik  had  not  forgotten  his  proper  speech, 
and  readily  gave  us  the  Tutelo  renderings  of  nearly  a  hundred  words.  At 
that  time  my  only  knowledge  of  the  Tuteloes  had  been  derived  from  the 
few  notices  comprised  in  Gallatin's  Synopsis  of  the  Indi.in  Tribes,  where 

PROC.  AMER.  PHIL03.  SOC.  XXI.  114.  B.      PRINTED  MAUCH  20,  1883. 


Hale.]  ^^  [March  2, 

they  are  classed  with  tho  naUons  of  the  Tluron-Iroquois  stock.  At  the 
same  time,  the  distinguished  author,  with  tho  scientific  caution  which 
marltcd  all  his  writings,  is  careful  to  mention  that  no  vocabulary  of  tho 
language  was  known.  That  which  was  now  obtained  showed,  beyond 
question,  that  the  language  was  totally  distinct  from  the  Iluron-Troiiuois 
tongues,  and  that  it  was  closely  allied  to  tho  languages  of  the  Dacotan 
family. 

The  discovery  of  a  tribo  of  Dakota  lineage  near  the  Atlantic  coast  was 
so  unexpected  and  surprising  that  at  first  it  was  natural  to  suspect  some 
mistake.  The  idea  occurred  that  the  old  Tutelo  might  have  been  a  Sioux 
captive,  taken  in  the  wars  which  were  anciently  waged  between  the  Iro- 
quois aiul  the  tribes  of  the  far  West.  With  the  view  of  determining  this 
point,  I  took  the  first  opportunity,  on  my  next  visit  to  the  Reserve,  in 
October,  1870,  of  questioning  the  old  man  about  his  early  history,  and 
that  of  his  people.  His  answers  soon  removed  all  doubt.  lie  believed 
himself  to  be  a  hundred  and  six  years  old  ;  and  if  so,  his  earliest  recollec- 
tions would  go  back  to  a  time  preceding  by  some  years  the  Rovoliilionary 
war.  At  that  time  his  people,  the  Tuteloes,  were  living  in  the  neiglibor- 
hood  of  two  other  tribes,  the  Saponies  and  the  Patshenina  or  Rotshenins. 
In  the  latter  we  may  perhaps  recognize  the  Ochineeches,  whom  Governor 
Spottcswood.  in  1703,  enumerated  with  the  Saponies,  Toteroes,  and  two 
other  tribes,  under  the  general  name  of  Christanna  Indians.  The  Sapo- 
nies and  Tuteloes,  old  Nikonha  said,  could  undersUind  one  another's 
speech.  About  the  language  of  the  Patshenins,  I  neglected  to  inquire,  but 
they  were  mentioned  with  the  Saponies  as  a  companion  tribe.  When 
the  Tuteloes  came  to  Canada  with  Brant,  they  parted  with  the  Sajionies  at 
Niagara  Falls,  and  he  did  not  know  what  had  become  of  them.  Ilis 
father's  name  was  Onusowa  ;  he  was  a  chief  among  the  Tuteloes.  Ilis 
mother  (who  was  also  a  Tutelo),  died  when  he  was  young,  and  he  was 
brought  up  by  an  uncle.  He  had  hoard  from  old  men  that  the  Tuteloes 
formerly  lived  on,a  great  river  beyond  Wasliington,  which  city  he  knew  by 
that  name.  In  early  times  the}'  were  a  large  tribe,  but  had  w;v<«t('d  away 
through  fighting.  Tlieir  war  parties  used  to  go  out  frequently  against 
various  enemies.  The  tribes  they  most  commonly  fought  with  were  the 
Tuscaroras,  Senecas,  and  Cayugas.  Afterwards  his4;ribe  came  to  Niagara 
(as  he  expressed  it),  and  joined  the  Six  Nations.  He  knew  of  no  Tutelo 
of  the  full  blood  now  living,  except  himself. 

This,  with  some  additions  to  my  vocabulary,  was  tho  last  information 
which  I  received  from  old  Waakiteng,  or  Nikonha.  He  died  a  few 
months  later  (on  the  3l8t  of  February,  1871),  before  I  had  an  opp;irtunity 
of  again  visiting  the  Reserve.  There  are,  however,  several  half-castes, 
children  of  Tutelo  mothers  by  Iroipiois  fathers,  who  know  the  lunguage, 
and  by  the  native  law  (which  traces  descent  through  the  female)  are  held 
to  be  Tuteloes.  One  of  them,  who  sat  in  the  council  as  the  representative 
of  the  tribe,  and  who,  with  a  conservatism  worthy  of  tho  days  of  old  Sarum, 
was  allowv-'d  to  retain  his  saat  after  his  constituency  had  disappeared,  was 


1883.]  11  [Hftlo. 

accustonipd  to  amuse  his  grave  fellow-senators  occasionally  l»j'  asserting 
the  right  which  each  councillor  possesses  of  addressintc  the  council  in  the 
language  of  his  people, — his  speech,  if  necessity  rcMiuires,  being  trim  slated 
by  an  interpreter.  In  the  case  of  the  Tiitelo  chief  the  jest,  wliicli  was  duly 
appreciated,  lay  in  the  fact  that  the  interpreters  were  dutufomidcd,  and 
that  the  elotpience  uttered  in  an  unknown  tongue  had  to  go  without  reply. 

From  tliis  chief,  and  from  his  aunt,  an  elderly  dame,  whose  daughter 
was  the  wife  of  a  leading  Onondaga  chief,  T  received  a  sullicicnt  nunduT 
of  words  and  phrases  of  the  language  to  give  a  good  idea  of  its  gninnnati- 
cal  framework.  Fortunately,  tli(!list  of  words  obtained  from  the  old  Tutelo 
was  extensive  enough  to  atlbrd  a  test  of  the  correctness  of  the  additional 
information  thus  procured.  The  vocabulary  and  the  outliiu's  of  grammar 
which  have  been  derived  from  these  sources  may,  thereft)re,  as  far  as  they 
extend,  be  accepted  as  atfording  an  authentic  representation  of  (his  very 
interesting  speech. 

There  is  still,  it  should  be  added,  some  uncertainty  in  regard  to  the  tribal 
name.  80  far  as  can  be  learned,  the  word  Tutelo  or  Totero  (which  in 
the  Iroquois  dialects  is  variously  pronounced  Tiuterih  or  Tebotingh,  Te- 
hfitili,  Tifitei  and  Tutie)  has  no  meaning  either  in  tlie  Tutelo  or  the  Iro- 
quois language.  It  may  have  been  originally  a  mere  local  designation, 
which  has  accompanied  the  tribe,  as  such  names  sometimes  do,  in  its  sub- 
sequent migrations.  Both  of  my  semi-Tutelo  informants  assured  me  that 
the  prope'-  national  name — or  the  name  by  which  the  people  were  desig- 
nated among  themselves — was  Yesang  or  Ycsah,  the  last  syllable  having 
a  faint  nasal  sound,  which  was  sometimes  barely  audible.  In  this  word 
we  probably  see  the  origin  of  the  name,  Nahyssan,  applied  by  Lcderer  to 
the  tribes  of  this  stock.  John  Ledercr  was  a  German  tnivelcr  who  in 
May,  1070 — a  year  before  Captain  Batt's  expedition  to  the  Alicghenies — 
undertook,  at  the  charge  of  the  colonial  government,  an  exploring  jour- 
ney in  the  same  direction,  though  not  with  ecjual  success.  He  made,  how- 
ever, some  interesting  discoveries.  Starting  from  the  Falls  of  the  James 
river,  he  came,  after  twenty  days  of  tnivel,  to  "  8ai>on,  a  village  of  the 
Nahyssans,"  situate  on  a  branch  of  the  Uoanoke  river.  These  were,  un- 
doubtedly, the  Saponas  whom  Captain  Batt  visiied  in  the  following  year,  the 
kindred  and  allies  of 'the  Tuteloes.  Fifty  miles  beyond  Saixtn  lie  arrived 
at  Akenatzy,  an  island  in  the  same  river.  "Ti»e  island,"  he  .says,  "  though 
small,  maintains  many  inhabitants,  who  are  fixed  in  great  security,  being 
naturally  fortified  with  fastnesses  of  mountains  and  water  on  every 
side."*  In  these  Akenatzies  we  midoubtedly  see  the  Acouechos  of 
Lawson,  and  the  Ochineeches  mentioned  by  Governor  Spotteswood.  Dr. 
Brinton,  in  his  well-known  work  on  the  "Myths  of  the  New  World."  has 
pointed  out,  also,  theiridentity  with  the  Occaneeches  mentioneil  by  Bever- 
ley in  his  "  History  of  Virginia,"  and  in  doing  so  has  drawn  attention  to 

»9,ov)"Th<' Dincovories  of  John  Lederer,"  roprlntoil  by  O.  11.  Iliirpol.  Cincin- 
nati, lH7it,  p.  17. 


lfi83.1  -l-  [March  2, 

the  very  Interesting  facts  recorded  by  Beverley  respecting  tlieir  lan- 
guai^e.* 

According  to  tliis  liisiorian,  tlic  tribes  of  Virginia  spolvc  languages  differ- 
ing so  widely  tliat  natives  "at  a  nii»dorate  distance"  apart  did  not  under- 
stand one  another.  Tiiey  had,  however,  a  "general  language,"  wiiich 
people  of  didercnt  tribes  used  in  tlieir  intercourse  with  one  anotlier,  pre- 
cisely as  the  Indians  of  the  north,  according  to  La  Ilontan,  used  the  "Al- 
gonliine, "  and  as  Latin  was  employed  in  most  parts  of  Europi;,  and  the 
Lingua  Franca  in  tiie  Levant,  These  are  Beverley's  illustrations.  He 
tlien  adds  the  remarkable  statement:  "The  general  language  here  used  is 
that  of  the  Occanecches,  though  they  have  been  but  a  small  nation  ever 
since  these  parts  were  known  to  tiie  English  ;  but  in  what  their  language 
may  dilfer  from  tliat  of  the  Algonkins  I  am  not  able  to  determine."! 
Further  on  he  gives  us  tiie  slill  more  surprising  information  thai  lliis  "gen- 
eral language"  was  used  by  the  "priests  and  conjurors"  of  tlie  ditlerent 
Virginia!'  nations  in  performing  their  religious  ceremonies,  in  the  same 
manner  (lie  observes)  "as  tlie  Catholics  of  all  nations  do  their  Mass  in 
the  Latin. "t 

Tlie  Akenatzies  or  Occanecches  would  seem  to  have  been,  in  some 
respects,  the  chief  or  leading  community  among  the  tribes  of  Dakotan 
stock  who  formerly  inhaliited  Virginia.  That  these  tribes  bad  at  one 
time  a  large  and  widespread  population  may  be  inferred  from  the  simple 
fact  that  their  language,  like  that  of  the  widely  scattered  Algonkins  (or 
Ojibways)  in  the  nortiiwest,  became  the  general  medium  of  conimuniea- 
tion  for  the  people  of  different  nationalities  in  their  neighborhood.  Tliat 
they  had  some  ceremonial  observances  (or,  as  Beverley  terms  them,  "ado- 
rations and  conjurations")  of  a  peculiar  and  im|)ressive  cast,  like  those  of 
the  western  Dakotas,  seems  evident  from  the  circumstance  that  the  intru- 
sive tribes  adopted  this  language,  and  probably  with  it  some  of  these  ol)- 
servances,  in  performing  their  own  religious  rites.  We  thus  have  a  strong 
and  une.vpected  conflrmation  of  the  tradition  iirevailing  among  liie  tribes 
both  of  the  Algonkin  and  of  the  Iro(piois  stocks,  whicli  represents  them 
as  coming  originally  from  the  fir  north,  and  gradually  overspreading  the 
country  on  both  sides  of  the  Alleghanies,  from  the  Great  Lakes  to  tlu;  moun- 
tain fastnesses  of  the  Clierokees.  They  found,  it  would  seem,  Virginia,  and 
possibly  the  whole  country  east  of  (he  Alleghenies,  from  the  Great  Lakes  to 
South  Carolina,  occupied  by  tribes  speaking  languages  of  the  Dakotan 
stock.  Tliat  the  displacement  of  tliese  tribes  was  a  very  gradual  process, 
and  that  the  relatio  is  between  the  natives  and  the  encroaching  tribes  were 
not  alwaj's  hostile,  may  be  inferred  not  only  from  the  adoption  of  the  ab- 
original speech  as  the  general  means  of  intercourse,  but  also  from  the 
terms  of  amity  on  which  these  tribes  of  diverse  origin,  native  and  iutru- 
give,  were  found  by  the  English  to  be  living  together. 

♦  See  tho  note  on  puRe  M'i  of  I)r  Hrlnton's  voliiinc,  2(1  edition, 
t  History  of  Virginia  (1st  eilillon),  p.  lUl. 
i  Ibid.,  p.  171. 


188.1]  13  [Tlnle. 

That  the  Tiilelo  tongue  represenls  this  "gcneml  hmguage"  of  which 
Beverley  speaks— this  aboriginal  Latin  of  Virginia— cannot  be  doubted. 
It  may,  tlierefore  be  deemed  a  hinguagc  of  no  small  historical  impor- 
lance.  The  fact  tha!;  this  language,  which  was  first  obscurely  heard  of  in 
Virginia  two  hundred  years  ago,  has  been  brought  to  liglit  in  our  day  on 
a  far-ofi"  lleservation  in  Canada,  and  there  learned  from  the  li|)s  of  the 
latest  surviving  member  of  this  ancient  community,  must  certainlj'  be 
considered  one  of  the  moat  singular  occurrences  in  the  history  of  science. 

Apart  from  the  mere  historical  interest  of  the  language,  its  scientific 
value  '\n  American  ethnology  entitles  it  to  a  careful  study.  As  has  been 
already  said,  a  comparison  of  its  grammar  and  vocabulary  with  those  of 
the  western  Dakota  tongues  has  led  to  tiie  inference  that  the  Tutelo 
l;inguage  was  the  older  form  of  this  common  sjieech.  This  conclusion 
was  briefi)'  set  forth  in  some  n-marks  wliich  I  had  the  honor  of  addressing 
to  this  Society  at  the  meeting  of  December  19,  1879,  and  is  recorded  in 
the  published  minutes  of  the  meeting.  Sonic  years  afterwards,  and  after 
the  earlier  portion  of  tliis  essay  was  written,  I  had  the  pleasure,  at  the 
meetingof  the  American  Association  for  the  Advancement  of  Science,  lield 
in  Montreal,  in  September,  1SS3,  of  learning  from  n\y  friend,  the  Rev.  .T. 
Owen  Dorsey,  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution,  who  has  resided  for  several 
years  as  a  missionary  among  the  western  Dakotas,  and  has  made  careful 
researches  into  their  languages  and  historj^  that  they  have  a  distinct  tra- 
dition that  their  ancestors  tormcrly  dwelt  east  of  the  Mississippi.  In  fact, 
the  more  southern  Dakotas  declare  their  tribes  to  i)e  olVshoots  of  the  Win- 
nebagoes,  who  till  recently  resided  near  the  western  shore  of  Lake  Michi- 
gan. A  comparison  of  their  dialects,  made  with  ]Mr.  Dorsey's  aid,  fully 
sustains  this  assertion.  3Iere  traditionary  evidence,  as  is  well  known, 
cannot  always  be  relied  on;  but  when  it  corresponds  with  conclusions 
previously  drawn  from  linguistic  evidence,  it  has  a  weight  which  renders 
it  a  valuable  confirmation. 

The  portrait  of  old  Nikonha,  an  accurate  photograph,  will  serve  to  show, 
better  than  any  description  could  do,  the  characteristics  of  race  whieli  dis- 
tinguished his  people.  The  full  oval  outline  office,  and  the  large  features 
of  almost  Euro[)ean  cast,  were  evidently  not  individual  or  family  traits, 
as  they  reappear  in  the  Tutelo  half-breeds  on  the  Reserve,  who  do  not 
claim  a  near  relationship  to  Nikonha.  Tliose  who  are  familiar  Mith  the 
Dakotan  physiognomy  will  probably  discover  a  resemblance  of  type  be- 
tween this  last  representative  of  the  Virginian  Tatelosand  their  congeners, 
the  Sioux  and  Mandans  of  the  western  plains. 

TIIE  TUTELO  LANGUAGE. 

In  the  following  outline  of  Tutelo  grammar,  it  has  been  deemed  advis- 
able to  bring  its  forms  into  comparison  with  those  of  the  western  lan- 
guages of  the  same  stock.  For  this  purjiose  the  Dakota  and  Ilidatsa  (or 
Minnetarce)  languages  were  necessarily  selected,  being  the  only  tongues 
of  this  family  of  which  any  complete  account  has  yet  been  publislied. 


Hale.]  14  [March  2, 

For  the  information  respecting  these  languages  I  am  indebted  to  the  Da- 
kota Grammar  and  Dictionar}-  of  tlie  Rev.  S.  R.  Riggs  (published  in  the 
Smithsonian  Contributions  to  Knowledge)  and  the  Ilidatsa  Grammar  and 
Dictionary  of  Dr.  Washington  Matthews  (published  in  Dr.  Shea'p  Library 
of  Amoriran  Linguistics),  both  of  them  excellent  works,  of  the  highest 
scientific  value. 

The  Alphabet. 

The  alphabetical  method  which  has  been  followed  by  me  in  writing  this 
language,  as  well  as  the  Iroquois  dialects,  is  based  on  the  well-known  system 
proposed  by  the  Hon.  John  Pickering,  and  generally  followed  by  Ameri- 
can missionaries,  whose  experience  has  attested  its  value.  The  modifica- 
tions suggested  for  the  Indian  languages  by  Professor  Whitney  and  Major 
Powell  have  been  adopted,  with  a  few  exceptions,  which  are  due  chiefly 
to  a  desire  to  employ  no  characters  that  are  not  found  in  any  well-fur- 
nished printing-ofilce. 

The  letters  6,  d,  h,  k,  I,  m,  n,  p,  s,  t,  w,  y,  z  are  sounded  as  in  English, 
the  8  having  always  its  sharp  sound,  as  in  mason.  The  vowels  are  sounded 
generally  as  in  Italian  or  German,  with  some  modifications  expressed  by 
diacritical  marks,  thus : 

a,  as  \n  father  ;  in  accented  syllables  written  a. 

6,  like  the  German  a  in  Mann. 

a,  like  a  in  mat. 

a,  like  a  in  fall. 

e,  like  a  in  fate  ;  in  accented  syllables  e. 

e,  like  e  in  met. 

i,  like  i  in  machine  ;  in  accented  syllables  i. 

i,  like  i  in  pin. 

0,  as  in  ?iote  ;  in  accented  syllables  o. 

0,  like  the  French  o  in  bonne. 

0,  like  0  in  not. 

4,  as  in  rale,  or  like  oo  in  pool ;  in  accented  syllables  u, 
a,  like  u  in  pull, 

ii,  like  u  in  but ;  in  an  accented  syllable  written  A. 
«,  like  the  French  u  in  dur. 

The  diphthongs  are,  ai,  like  our  long  i  in  pine  ;  au,  like  ou  in  loud;  &i, 
like  oi  in  boil ;  iu,  like  u  in  j^are. 

The  consonants  requiring  special  notice  are: 

5,  like  sh  in  shine, 

g,  BAways  h&rA,  as  lu  go,  get,  give. 

j,  like  t  in  ature. 

h,  like  the  French  nasal  n  in  an,  bon,  un. 

q,  like  the  German  ch  iu  Loch,  or  the  Spanish  j  in  joveth 


1883.]  15  [Hale. 

The  sound  of  the  English  ch  in  cheat  is  represented  by  trj  the  j  and  dg 
in  judge  by  dj. 

The  apostrophe  (')  indicates  a  sliglit  hiatus  in  the  pronounciation  of  a 
word,  whicli  is  often,  tliough  not  always,  caused  by  the  dropping  of  a  con- 
sonantal sound. 

In  general,  the  diacritical  marks  over  the  vowels  are  omitted,  except  in  the 
accented  syllable — that  is,  the  syllable  on  which  the  stress  of  voice  falls. 
It  is  understood  that  when  a  vowel  (other  than  the  it)  has  a  mark  of  any 
kind  over  it,  the  syllable  in  which  it  occurs  is  the  accented  or  emphatic 
syllable  of  the  word.  Experience  shows  that  the  variations  in  tlie  sound 
of  a  vowel  in  unaccented  syllables,  within  the  limits  represented  by  the 
foregoing  alphabet,  are  rarely  of  sufficient  importance  to  require  to  be 
noted  in  taking  down  a  new  language.  The  only  exception  is  in  the 
sound  marked  u,  which  occasionally  has  to  be  indicated  in  unaccented 
syllables,  to  distinguish  it  from  the  u,  with  which  it  has  no  similarity  of 
sound.  It  is,  in  fact,  more  frequently  a  variation  of  the  a  than  of  any 
other  vowel  sound. 

Occasionally  the  accented  syllable  is  indicated  by  an  acute  accent  over 
the  vowel.  This  method  is  adopted  principally  when  the  vowel  has  a  brief 
or  obscure  sound,  as  in  iniaani,  I  alone,  which  is  pronounced  in  a  manner 
midway  between  msaai  and  mmmi. 

Phonology, 

Tlie  Tutelo  has  the  ordinary  vowel  sounds,  but  the  distinction  between 
e  and  i,  and  between  o  and  u  is  not  always  clear.  Tlie  word  for  "  mother" 
was  at  one  time  written  hena,  and  at  anotlier  ina ;  tlie  word  for  "he 
steals"  was  heard  as  manbma  and  manumn.  In  general,  however,  the 
ditference  of  these  vowels  was  sufflclently  apparent.  Tlie  obscure  sound 
of  u  (or  in  accented  syllables  u)  was  often  heard,  but  when  the  word 
la  which  it  occurred  was  more  distinctly  uttered,  this  sound  was  frequently 
developed  into  a  clearer  vowel.  Thus  hustoi,  arm,  became  histo  ;  muate, 
spring  (tlie  season),  became  maate  ;  aaiini,  white,  became  anfiTii,  or  (losing 
the  nasal  sound)  aadi,  and  so  on.  The  use  of  the  character  ii  (or  u)  in  this 
language  could  probably  be  dispensed  with. 

Tlie  consonantal  sounds  which  were  heard  were:  p  (or  6),  i  (ord),  k{org), 
h  (and  q),  I,  m,  n,  s,  w  and  y,  and  the  nasal  n.  Neither/,  v,  nor  r  was  heard, 
and  q  (ah)  only  as  a  variant  of  a.  Harsh  combinations  of  consonants  were 
rare.  Tlie  harshest  was  that  oftak,  as  in  wagntaka,  child,  and  this  was  not 
frequent.*    Words  usually  end  in  a  vowel  or  a  liquid.     A  double  con- 

•  In  wagtUska  (Dakota,  ko^ka),  suntka,  younger  brother  (Dak.,  stinka) ;  l<;ongo 
or  t<;unki,  dog  (Dak.,  cuflka)  and  many  similar  words,  the  t  la  apparently  an  ad- 
scitltlous  sound,  inserted  by  a  mere  trick  of  pronunciation.  Tlie  Hldatsa  caiTles 
this  practice  further,  and  constantly  Introduces  the  sound  of  <  before  the  sharp 
«.    The  Tutelo  i<i,  foot,  beoomea  i<si  in  Hldataa;  «anT,  oold,  becomes  t«inia,  Ao. 


Hale.]  1^  [March  2. 

Bonant  at  the  onmmencomont  of  a  ^vnrd  is  rare.  It  perhaps  onlr  occurs 
in  tlie  comb'm  itiou  tr  (d't)  an  I  i.i  ca:itr.ictioa^,  as  ksiiTi'cii,  nine,  for 
htHrtnkai. 

It  is  donbtful  if  the  sonants  h,  d  and  g  occur,  except  as  variants  of  the 
surd  consonants  p,  t  and  /;;  yet  in  certain  words  sonants  v-ere  pretty  con- 
stantly used.  Tlius  in  tlie  pronouns  mii  I'oitc,  mine,  yiiifiiowe,  tliine, 
tH/ttoire,  his,  tlie  .7  was  almost  always  sounded. 

The  I  and  n  were  occasionally  interchanged,  as  in  lani&nd  nfini,  three, 
It'fri  ant]  iicfr',  tongue.  In  general,  however,  the  two  elements  seemed  to 
he  distinct.  The  aspirate  was  somewhat  stronger  than  the  English  h, 
and  frequently  assumed  the  force  of  the  German  ch  or  the  Spanish  j  (rep- 
resented in  our  alphabet  by  7).  "Wiiether  there  were  really  two  distinct 
sounds  or  not,  could  not  be  positively  ascertained.  The  same  word  was 
writ'en  at  one  time  with  h,  and  at  another  with  q. 

The  nasal  n  is  properly  a  modification  of  the  preceding  vowel,  and  would 
have  been  more  adequately  rendered  by  a  mark  above  or  below  the  vowel 
itself;  but  it  has  seemed  desirable  to  avoid  the  multiplication  of  such  di;i- 
critical  marks.  This  nasal  is  not  to  be  confounded  with  the  sound  of  hij 
in  riiif/,  which  is  a  distinct  consonantal  element,  and  in  the  Polynesian 
dialects  often  commences  a  word.  In  the  Tutelo  this  latter  sound  only 
occurs  ))efore  a  k  or  hard  .7,  and  is  then  represented  by  li.  It  is,  in  fact, 
in  this  position,  merely  the  French  nasal  sound,  1  lified  by  the  palatal 
consonant.  The  nasal  n  is  also  modified  by  the  labials  b  and  p,  liefore 
which  it  assumes  the  sound  of  ?«.  Thus  the  Tutelo  word  for  day,  nnlunnhi, 
or  (in  the  construct  form)  nithdmp,  is  properly  a  modification  of  nnhilTibi 
or  nahfnip.  In  all  words  in  which  it  occurs,  the  nasal  sound  was  at  times 
very  faintly  heard,  and  was  occasionally  so  little  audible  that  it  was  not 
noted,  while  at  e  '  er  times  an  n  was  heard  in  its  place.  Tlie  word  for  knife 
was  written  at  difierent  times  moseTiiAw\  masdi;  that  for  sky,  mutoTii,  mntoi, 
nianfiii,  and  m'~itoi;  that  for  daj',  nnhdmhi,  nahdmp,  nahdTip,  and  »<i/inp  ; 
that  for  winte  Ine,  icdnehl,  and  wnnei;  that  for  one,  nds  and  nons,  and 
soon.  Wliellu  his  indistinctness  of  the  nasal  sound  belongs  to  the  lan- 
guage, or  was  a  peculiarity  of  the  individuals  from  whom  the  speecli  was 
learned,  could  not  be  satisfactorily  determined. 

The  tendency  of  tlie  language,  as  has  been  said,  is  to  terminate  every 
■word  with  a  vowel  sound.  When  a  monosj-llablc  or  dissyllable  ends  with 
a  consonant,  it  is  usually  in  a  construct  form,  and  is  followed  by  another 
word  grammatically  related  to  it.  Thus,  hinfpi,  axe,  hixi'.p  miiiyilowe,  my 
axe ;  monti,  a  bear,  mont  nosd,  one  bear ;  l^bTijo  (or  tt^oiiki),  dog,  tr^oiik 
eplul,  good  dog  ;  nuhdinbi,  day,  iinhdinp  Idnt,  three  days. 

The  following  brief  comparative  list,  extracted  from  the  more  extensive 
vocabulary  hereafter  given,  will  show  the  forms  which  similar  words  take 
in  the  allied  dialects,  Tutelo,  Dakota  (or  Sioux  proper)  and  Ilidatsa  (or 
Minnetaree)  : 


18S3.] 


17 


[llnle. 


Tutelo. 

Dakota. 

Hldatsa. 

ilti 

ate 

ati 

fiither 

tita,  hend,  Jieniin 

ilia 

Jiinu,  hu,  i'cui 

motlier 

tujutc^kui 

takor^ku,  ti^iiikqi 

idiqi 

sou 

suntkci 

811  nka 

tmk% 

younger  brother 

ih,  ihi 

i 

% 

lUOUtll 

netqi,  netsi,  Utiii 

tr,eji 

■  •^ji 

tongue 

ihi 

hi 

i,  isa,  hi 

tooth 

loti           ,         . 

dote 

doti,  loti 

throat 

»■«» 

aiha 

itsi 

foot 

tcasut 

nasii 

tsuata 

brain 

icdy'i,  way'ii 

we 

idi 

blood 

nil 

tipi 

ati 

house 

masehi,  masdi 

imtn,  minaa 

maetsi 

knife 

ml 

wi 

midi 

sun  (or  moon) 

nihiimpi,  nihdnpi 

'  anpetu 

mape 

day- 

mani 

mini 

mini 

water 

anidni,  amdb 

maka, 

amn 

land 

tcunki,  ti^onjo 

(glinka, 

m(i(;uka 

dog 

tcdiieni,  icdnei 

wani 

mana 

winter 

tani 

ptan 

mata, 

autunm 

asdnl,  asdi,  asei 

snn 

atiiki,  ohuki 

white 

asepi 

"  'pa 

<;ipi 

black 

sli,  tcdai 

21 

tsi,  tsidi 

yellow 

t'e 

ta 

te 

dead 

sani 

sni 

tsinia 

cold 

xosdi,  nonr^ 

wanti^a,  want<^i 

nuels,  luetsa 

one 

nombdi 

nonpa 

nopa 

two 

ndni,  Idni 

yamni 

ddmi,  lawi 

"tiree    • 

topai 

topa 

topa 

four 

kindhai 

zaptan 

kihii 

flv» 

akdspe 

qakpc 

akama,  akawa 

K*-.'l 

sdgomink 

qakowin 

mpua 

L,    en 

luta 

yuta,  wota 

duti 

to  eat 

howa 

u,  uwa 

hu, 

to  come 

kitci 

trafr^i 

kidir^i 

to  dance 

mahananka 

yaTika,  nanka 

naka 

to  sit,  remain 

ktewa,  kitesel 

kte 

kitahS 

to  kill 

It  must  be  borne  in  mind  that  the  sounds  of  m,  b,  and  w  are  inter- 
changeable in  the  Ilidatsa,  and  that  d,  I,  n,  and  r  are  also  interchangeable. 
A  similar  confusion  or  intercliange  of  these  elements  is  to  some  extent  ap- 
parent in  the  Dakota  and  the  Tutelo  languages.  Taking  this  fact  into 
consideration,  the  similarity  or  r.ither  identity  of  such  words  as  tni  in  Tu- 
telo an  '  m  in  Dakota,  meaning  "sun,"  and  loti  in  Tutelo,  dote  in  Dakota, 
and  do    or  lote  in  Hidatsa,  meaning  "brain,"  becomes  apparent. 

FROC.  AMEIl.  THILOS.  SOC.  XXI.  114.  C.      PRINTED  MARCU  31,  1883L 


Hale.]  lo  [March  2, 

The  Tiftsal  sounds,  which  arc  so  common  in  tho  Dakota  anu  the  Tiik'lo, 
are  wanting  in  the  llidatsa,  wliiie  the  s  of  tiie  two  fonuer  liingim;4es  fre- 
quently becomes  In  in  llidatsa.  Tliese  dialectic.il  oeculiarities  explain  tlie 
dilfc  rencc  between  the  words  for  younger  brotlier,  siinfji'ii,  T  i.,  snnkii,  Da., 
Uukn,  Hi.,  between  Ui,  foot,  Tu.,  and  itd,  Hi.,  between  mitMnl,  knife, 
Tn.,  and  inaetHi,  Hi.  It  will  bo  noticed  that  the  words  in  Tutelo  are  fre- 
quently longer  and  fuller  in  sound  than  the  corresponding  words  in  tlie 
other  languages,  as  though  they  were  nearer  th(!  original  forms  from 
which  tho  words  in  the  various  Dakota  tongues  wore  derived. 


*a' 


Grammaticat.  Fokms. 

As  is  nsually  the  case  with  allied  tongues,  the  grammatical  resemblances 
of  the  languages  of  this  stock  are  much  more  striking  and  instructive  than 
those  which  appear  iu  the  mere  comparison  of  isolated  words. 

Siibstantioes  and  Adjectiees. 

The  Tutelo,  like  the  Dakota  and  the  Hidatsa,  has  no  inflection  of  the 
substantive  to  indicate  the  plural  number;  but  in  both  tho  Tutelo  and  tlie 
Dakota,  the  plural  of  adjectives  is  frequently  expressed  by  what  may  bo 
termed  a  natural  inflection,  namely,  by  a  reduplication.  In  the  Dakota, 
according  to  Mr.  Riggs,  the  initial  syllable  is  sometimes  reduplicated,  as 
ksnpa,  wise,  pi.  ksak.<nipn;  tanbi,  great,  pi.  tan'ctan'ca ;  sometimes  it  is  the 
last  syllable,  as  warte.  good,  pi.  wnr^'erje  ;  and  occasionally  it  is  a  middle 
syllable,  as,  tankihffan,  great,  pi.  t(inkinkin;/(in. 

Sometimes  the  adjective  in  Dakota  takes  the  sufllx  pi,  which  makes  the 
plural  form  of  the  verb,  as  waqte,  good  icitr^'ista  icaq'eji,,  good  men,  i.  e., 
they  are  good  men. 

Similar  forms  exist  in  the  Tutelo.  The  adjective,  or  some  part  of  it,  is 
reduplicated  in  the  plural,  and  at  the  same  time  a  verbal  sufTix  is  fre- 
quently if  not  always  added,  thus  ;  ati  api,  good  house,  pi.  ati  apipisd, 
good  houses  (those  are  good  houses)  ;  ati  Hani,  large  house,  pi.  <di  ifuh- 
tdnsel;  ati  okayeke,  bad  house,  pi.  atiokayeye'cesel ;  ati  asan,  white  house, 
pi.  ati  asansdh^el.  Occasionally  the  reduplication  takes  a  peculiar  form, 
as  In  ati  kutaka,  small  house,  pi.  ati  kotskutskaisel.  In  one  instance  the 
plural  differs  totally  from  the  singular ;  atisui,  long  house,  pi.  ati  yinipah- 
katskaisel. 

The  plural  verbal  termination  is  frequently  used  without  the  reduplica- 
tion ;  as,  wahtake  bi  (or  pi),  good  man,  toahtake  biwa  (or  bite),  he  is  a  good 
man  ;  pi.  wahtake  bihla  (or  bihlese),\\iey  are  good  men.  So  tr^onje  bise,  good 
dog  (or,  it  is  a  good  dog),  pi.  tconjc  bihlese. 

The  plural  form  by  reduplication  does  not  appear  to  exist  in  the  lli- 
datsa. 

Tlie  Rev.  J.  Owen  Dorsey,  who  has  made  a  special  study  of  the  western 
Dakota  languages,  finds  in  the  Omaha  (or  Dhegiha)  dialect  a  peculiar 
meaning  giveu  to  this  reduplicate  plural  of  adjectives.    The  following  ex- 


1883.1  19  [Hnle, 

amples  will  illustrate  this  signification.  Jin'ja,  small,  becomes  in  the  re- 
duplicate (ornijinjinf/a,  which  refers  to  small  objects  of  (liflorent  l\inils  or 
sizes.  Siiyi,  firm,  fast,  hard,  makes  m^mji  or  soijiji,  Avhich  is  ciiiployod 
as  in  the  following  example  ;  irelhihule  HnfiijihiKin,  kuTibdhc .  I  wisii  tools 
that  are  hard,  and  of  diirerenl  kinds,  them  only.  Here  the  sufllx  hniiii  ex- 
presses the  meaning  of  "only;"  the  reduplication  of  the  adjective  gives 
the  sense  expressed  by  the  words  "of  different  kinds."  <S7V',  black, 
makes  mmbe,  black  here  and  there.  (Mhje,  spotted,  becomes  (/dheji'ija 
spotted  in  many  places.  Pl'iji,  bad,  makes  jitplnji,  as  in  iK^/ctih  pipi'dji, 
different  bad  deeds.  Nujinja  (apparently  a  compound  or  derivative  form, 
from  jm/rt,  small),  means  "boy,"  i.  e„  small  man;  nujiiijlTijn,  boys  of 
difft'rent  sizes  and  ages.*  It  would  seem  from  these  examples  that  in  this 
language  tlie  reduplication  expresses  primarily  the  idea  of  variety,  from 
which  tliat  of  plurality  in  many  cases  follows.  This  meaning  is  not  indi- 
cated by  Mr.  Riggs  in  his  Dakota  grammar,  and  it  was  not  detected  by 
I11C  in  the  Tutelo,  but  it  is  not  impossible  that  it  actually  exists  in  botli 
languages.  It  is  deserving  of  notice  that  while  no  inflection  of  the  noun  is 
found  in  the  Iroquois  to  express  plurality,  this  meaning  is  indicated  in  the 
adjective  by  l!<e  addition  of  s,  or  hohs,  affixed  to  the  adjective  when  it  is 
combined  with  the  ntmn.  Thus  from  kanomo,  house,  and  uiyo,  hand- 
some, we  have  konomiyo,  handsome  house,  pi.  kdtiomiyos,  handsome 
houses.  So  k trcnnaksen,  bad  song,  pi.  knrennitkscns,'bi\d  songs  ;  kaitdka- 
ri's,  long  poll?,  pi.  kanaknrenhohn,  long  poles. 

It  is  also  remarkable  that  the  peculiar  mode  of  forming  the  plural,  both 
of  substantives  and  of  adjectives,  by  reduplication  of  the  first  syllable  or 
portion  of  the  word,  is  found  in  several  Indian  languages  spoken  west  of 
the  Rocky  Mountains,  and  belonging  to  families  entirely  distinct  from  one 
another,  and  from  the  Dakota.  Thus  in  the  Selish  language  we  have 
Iniins,  father,  pi.  liiludus;  tdiia,  ear,  j)l.  tun  tana ;  skultamiqo,  man,  pi. 
skulhiiltamiqo  ;  quest,  good,  pi.  qusqacxt.  In  the  Sahaptin,  jfitin,  girl,  pi.  pi- 
2,ili)i ;  tn'tit,  good,  pi.  titdhs.  In  the  Kizh  language,  tcoroit,  man,  pi.  worordt ; 
it^inni,  small,  pi.  frjtrinni.\  This  has  been  termed,  and  certainly  seems,  a 
natural  mode  of  forming  the  plural.  It  is  therefore  somewhat  surprising 
to  find  it  restricted  in  America  to  a  comparatively  small  group  of  linguistic 
families.  It  is  still  more  noteworthy  that  in  the  Polynesian  dialects,  which 
in  their  general  characteristics  differ  so  widely  from  the  Indian  languages, 
this  same  method  of  forming  the  plural  is  found,  but  confined,  as  in  the 
Dakota  tongues,  to  the  adjective ;  thus  we  have  laaii  tele,  large  tree,  pi. 
laau  tetele,  large  trees;  taata  maitai,  good  man,  pi.  tu,ata  maitatui,  good 
men;  mahaki,  sick,  pi.  mahamahaki,  sick  (persons). J  This  is  a  subject 
in  linguistic  science  which  merits  farther  investigation. 

*  I  am  Indebted  to  Mr.  Dorsey's  letters  for  this  and  muoli  other  Informal  Ion  ot 
great  interest  respecting  the  western  languages  ot  the  Dakota  stock,  forming 
part  of  his  extensive  work,  which  we  may  hope  will  soon  be  published. 

t  Ethnogiuphy  and  Philology  of  the  U.  S.  Exploring  Expedition  under  Chas. 
Wilkes,  pp.  534,  et  seq. 

t /bid.,  p.  34t. 


Uale.] 


20 


[Marcli  2, 


Numerals. 

The  ntmr  resemblance  of  the  first  seven  numernla  in  the  Tutclo,  Dakota, 
and  Ilidiitsa  is  sufflciently  shown  in  the  vocabulary.  Tlie  manner  in  wliich 
llie  compound  numbers  are  formed  is  also  kjimilar  in  tlic  tlirce  languages. 
In  the  Dakota  ake,  again,  is  prefixed  to  the  simple  numerals  to  form  the 
numbers  al)0ve  ten,  as  oke  vanjiJt.n,  eleven  ;  ake  nonpa,  twelve.  In  the 
Tulelo  the  same  word  (usually  softened  to  age)  is  used,  aa  agcjtosai,  eleven; 
agenombai,  twelve.  In  the  llidatsa  nqpi  (or  ahpt),  signifying  a  part  or 
division,  is  employed,  as  aqpi-duiisa,  eleven;  agpi-dopa,  twelve. 

In  Dakota,  wikiqeitma,  ten,  and  nonpa,  two,  form  icikfr/mna  nonpa, 
twenty.  In  Tutelo  the  fonn  is  the  same;  putqka  nomba,  tens-two.  In 
Hidatsa  it  is  similar,  but  the  position  of  the  words  is  reversed,  twenty 
being  dopa-pitika,  two  tens. 

The  ordinal  numbers,  after  the  first,  are  formed  in  all  three  languages 
by  i)refixing  i  or  ei  to  the  cardinal  numbers,  as  in  Dakota,  inonpa,  second  ; 
iyamni,  third ;  itopa,  fourth.  In  llidatsa,  idopa,  second  ;  idaiii,  third  ; 
itopa,  fourth.  In  Tutelo  I  received  einombai,  twice;  eindtii,  thrice;  cintdpai, 
four  times.  This  rendering  was  given  by  the  interpreter,  but  the  true 
meaning  was  probably  the  same  as  in  the  Dakota  and  Hidatsa.  The  word  for 
"  first "  is  peculiar  in  all  three  languages;  in  Dakota,  tokaheya,  in  llidatsa, 
itsika,  in  Tutelo,  etdhni. 

In  the  Tutelo  the  numerals  appear  to  have  different  forms;  or  perhaps, 
more  accurately  speaking,  different  terminations,  according  to  the  context 
in  which  they  are  used.  The  following  are  examples  of  these  forms,  the 
first  or  abridged  form  being  apparently  used  in  ordinary  counting,  and 
the  others  when  the  numerals  are  employed  in  conjunction  with  other 
words.  The  various  pronunciations  of  my  different  informants— and  some- 
times of  the  same  informant  at  different  times — are  also  shown  in  these  ex- 
amples. 


Separate. 

1  noiis,  not 

2  nomp 


Construct. 
nosdi,  nonsdi 

nomldi 


8  Idt,  nan  nani 

4  top  topdi 

6  kise,  kUan  kisdhai 

6  agds   or   akds.^^j^^- 

akdsp  i 

7  sdgom  sagomei 

8  j;aid/i  paldni 

9  sd  OT  sdn,  ksank    ksdhkat 

10  put<;k,  lut<;k'         putskai 

11  dgermai 


Variations. 
/  nosSn,  nusen,  nonsai,nonsa, 
I     ndsdn,  nosdh,  nonsah 
f  numbdi,     nomba,     numba, 
J     nonmbai,  nonpa,  nbmbdh, 
\     nombaq 

Idni,  Idnih,  Idniq 

toba,  topah 

kisdhdni 

akaspe,  akdspei,  agespeq 

sagbmi,  sdgomiq,  sagomink 
paldniq 

katankai,  ksdkai 
butt^kai,  putskdni,  putskdTi 
aginotai,  akinoaai 


n 


1S88.]  **  [Hnle 


Bcpnriito. 

Construct  Forms  and  Varlati 

13 

ngenomba 

aginombdi,  nkinonibai 

13 

agelani 

agiUVi,  nkildni 

14 

ayetoha 

ukitupa 

15 

afjifixf^ai 

akikiaahni 

10 

nrji'dditpe 

akikiifipei 

17 

afjimydmi 

aklmgomei 

18 

agt'pniani 

akipalali 

19 

agi'kt'itdnkn 

'      akikasfinkni 

20 

putsha    nomba,  y 
putr^kn  nombai  i 

putska  nombai 

30 

pnUka  niim 

put^kd  lani 

40 

putska  tohni 

100 

ukfiii  iioxii 

okeni 

1000 

ukent  putskai 

The  numeral  follows  the  noun  which  it  qualifies.  If  the  noun  termi- 
nates in  a  vowel  not  accented,  the  vowel  is  usually  dropped,  while  the 
numeral  assumes  its  constuctor  or  lengthened  form,  and  is  sometimes 
closed  with  a  strong  aspirate.  Tims,  from  mihdhi,  woman,  we  have  mihaii 
noi-ii  or  miluiri  nomai,  one  woman ;  mihnn  nomhaq,  two  women ;  mihaii  laniq, 
three  women,  &c.  From  t<'oTi;/o  or  t^mki,  dog,  tconk  nosdh,  one  dog ; 
iconk  nomhaq,  two  dogs.  From  monti,  hoar,  mont  7idKdh,  one  bear;  mont 
nombah,  two  bears.  From  nahnmbi,  day,  nahdmp  nosdh,  one  day,  nahamp 
nombai,  two  days ;  nahamp  Idiiq,  three  days,  &c.  It  will  be  seen  that  the 
dropping  of  the  final  vowel  of  the  noun  has  the  effect  of  giving  a  sharper 
sound  to  the  preceding  consonant.  When  the  final  vowel  is  accented,  no 
change  takes  place  in  the  noun  ;  thus  all,  liouse;  ati  nohsai,  one  house;  ad 
nonbai,  two  houses;  atx  laniq,  three  houses,  &c. 

No  such  difference  between  the  simple  and  the  construct  forms  of  the 
numerals  appears  to  exist  eitlier  in  the  Daliota  or  in  the  Hidatsa.  This  is 
one  evidence,  among  others,  of  the  greater  wealth  of  inflections  which 
characterizes  tlie  Tutelo  language. 

Pronouns, 

There  are  in  the  Tutelo,  as  in  the  Dakota,  two  classes  of  pronouns,  the 
separate  pronouns,  and  the  affixed  or  incorporated  pronouns.  Tlie  former, 
however,  are  rarely  used,  except  for  the  purpose  of  emphasis.  In  the 
Dakota  the  separate  pronouns  are  miye  or  mit;.  I,  niye,  or  niq,  thou  or  ye, 
iye,  or /^,  he  or  they,  and  un^ciye  or  unkie,  we.  In  the  Tutelo,  mlm  sig- 
nifies I  or  we,  y%in,  thou  or  ye,  im,  he  or  they,  w^hich  was  sometimes 
lengthened  to  imaheu.  A  still  more  emphr^.tic  form  is  made  with  the  ter- 
mination sdi  or  sdni,   giving  the  sense  of  "alone,"  or  rather  perhaps 


'iln\c.]  22  [Mnrch2, 

"self,"  for  which  meiinin!;  tho  Dakota  employs  tho  separate  pronouns 
already  given,  while  tho  Ilidatsa  has  a  special  form  ;  thus  : 


Tiiti'lo. 

Pukdtii. 

ilMiitmi. 

mtKdi  or  i/iinniii 

miyi'  (tnir) 

niiffki 

I  myself  (or  I  alone) 

yinfii,  or  yindhi 

iiiye  (7iirj 

niqki 

thou 

ffdi,  ifdioxht'iTti 

il/c  (ir) 

i</ki 

ho 

viitcKdi  or  maexi'nii 

vnkii/e  (uukii 

0 

viiduki 

we 

ma 

I 

da  ()ut) 

ihou 

we 

mi 

me 

di  (/u") 

thee 

i 

him 

us 

The  Dakota  uhkiyc  is  naid  to  he  properly  a  dual  form.  The  Tulelo  appa- 
rcnil}',  lik(!  tlie  Ilidatsa,  has  no  dual. 

Tho  afll.xed  or  incorporated  pronouns  have  in  the  Tutelo,  as  in  the 
Dakota  and  Ilidatsa,  two  forms,  nomlniitivc  and  objective.  These  forms 
in  the  three  languages  are  very  similar : 

Tutolo.  Diiknta.  Hklatsa. 

Nominative. 

ma,  wa  via,  we 

ya  ye  ya.  ye 

mac,  mat,  icae,  wai,  man,  mank,       vii. 

Objective, 
mi,  iri  ma,  mi 

yi,  hi  ni 

e,  ei,  i 

mae,  mni,  war,  irai  vn 

The  objective  forms  are  also  used  in  all  these  languages  as  possessive 
pronouns,  and  theyare  affixed  as  nominatives  to  neuter  oradjeclivo  verbs, 
in  the  first  and  second  persons.  The  third  personal  pronoun  is  not  ex- 
pressed in  tho  verb,  at  least  in  the  singular  number.  In  the  plural  the 
Tutelo  indicates  this  pronoun  by  an  inflection,  both  in  the  nominative  and 
tho  objective.  Thus  fia/iewa,  he  says,  hahehla,  they  say  ;  mineioa,  I  set 
liim,  miuehla,  I  see  them. 

The  Ilidatsa  makes  no  distinction  between  the  singular  and  the  plural 
of  the  possessive  pronouns.  Mi  signifies  both  my  and  our,  di,  they  and 
your,  and  t,  his  and  their.  The  Dakota  distinguishes  the  plural  by  adding 
the  particle  pi  to  the  noun.  Tlie  Tutelo  adds  pui  to  the  noun  in  the 
second  person,  and  sometimes  lei  or  kai  to  the  third.  With  nouns  signify- 
ing relationship,  the  Dakota  Indicates  tlio  possessive  pronoun  of  the  third 
person  by  adding  ku  to  the  noun.  The  Tutelo  sometimes  adds  ka  or  kai  not 
only  in  this  person,  but  in  the  first  and  third  persons,  as  shown  in  the  fol-. 
lowing  example : 

Dakota.  Tutelo. 

suiika  suiifka  younger  bro'.hcr 

misunka  wimntk  my  "         " 

yisunka  yimintk  thy  "         " 

sunkaku  esuntka  or  esuntkai  his  "         " 

unkisunkapi  maisuntkai  our  "         " 

iiisunkapi  yimhtkapui  yoxir         "         " 

suhkapi  einuhtkai  their         "         " 


liead 

iny  hc'ivd 

thy 

(  ( 

his 

II 

our 

heads 

your 

i( 

tlicir 

it 

188.1.]  2d  (Hiilo. 

Ill  tlio  Tutelo  an  e  h  aouiathnos  proflxc.l  to  the  possessive  pronouns,  ns 
in  (iti,  house,  which  nialtes 

firuli  luy  house  evumti  our  house 

ejia'i  tliy     "  ei/ntipui  your  " 

<('iU  his     "  (uH-ki  their  " 

In  lliis  ease  the  final  vowel  of  the  pronouns  wt  and  yi  is  elided  i)L'fi)re  the 
initial  «of  the  noun.  So  in  mineicd,  I  seoliini,  tlie  vowel  of  the  prefixed  pro- 
noun m(t,  I,  is  elided  before  the  vowel  of  tlic  verb  iiulind,  to  see.  Some 
other  euphonic  clianjics  of  the  possessive  pronoun  in  the  Tutelo  are  shown 
in  the  following  exanii>le  : 

Dakota.  Tutelo, 

^    pa  paKfii, 

mnpa  inhnpnuui, 

nipa  yiiiixm'ii, 

]}((  epam  i, 

vnpojii  emdnkpasn', 

nipapi  eyinkpifsupni 

pnpi  epami-hi 

In  Tutelo,  tat\  my  father,  is  an  anomalous  form,  used  instead  of  mat', 
or  emat\  With  the  other  afllxes  the  word  becomes  yilt'  (or  itdti),  thy  father, 
cat',  his  father  (or  their  father),  einaat',  our  father,  eyiitpui,  your  father. 

A  good  example  of  the  use  of  the  prefixed  personal  pronouns  in  the  Tu- 
telo is  shown  in  the  word  for  son.  There  were  slight  dilTerences  la  the 
forms  received  from  two  of  my  informants,  as  here  given  -. 

witeka  uitekai  my  son 

yitekii  yitekai  thy  son 

deka  etekai  his  son 

mahkteka  emoTiktekai  our  son 

yitekabui  yitekai ui  your  son 

eteka  etekahlei  their  son 

Miiiek\  my  uncle  (in  Dakota  mideki^i)  is  thus  varied  :  YineV,  thy  uncle 
(Dak.  nitlekrj),  einek',  his  uncle  (Diik.  di rjtku),  emaiiiek,  our  uncle,  einek- 
pui,  your  uncle,  einek'  or  etnek'-lei,  their  uncle. 

In  the  word  for  brother,  ihjinumbdi  (or  iiikinumbai),  the  possessive  pro- 
nouns are  inserted  after  the  first  syllable,  and  in  this  instance  they  are 
used  in  the  nominative  form  : 
inica(/iiiumbdi       my  brother  maiinginnmldi  our  brother 

iTvjiignumhdi  thy  brother  ihyaginumhaljui         your  brother 

ingigiimmbdi         his  brother  ingiginumbdi  their  brotlier 

The  Dakota  and  Hidatsa  have  lengthened  forms  of  the  personal  pro- 
nouns to  indicate  property  in  things,  or  "transferable  possession."  These 
are  in  the  former,  mita,  my,  nita,  thy,  and  ta,  his,  as  mita-oTiitpe,  my  axe, 
nita-qunke,  thy  dog.  These  pronouns  are  also  used  with  koda,  friend,  and 
kite^imn,  comrade.  In  Hidatsa  matn,  dita  (for  nita),  and  ita,  are  used  in  a 
similar  manner.    In  the  Tutelo  the  pronouns  of  this  form  occurred  in  a 


Hale.]  ^4:  [March  2, 

few  examples,  but  only  with  certain  words  of  personal  connection  or  rela- 
tions, in  which  their  use  seems  to  resemble  that  of  the  Dakota  pronouns 
with  the  words  meaning  "comrade"  and  "friend."  Tims  we  heard 
icifdin/inil,  my  husband,  yiiauuinki,  thy  husband,  ctamanki,  lier  hus- 
band. So  witamilun,  my  wife  (i.  e.  my  woman),  yiiamihcn,  thy 
wife;  and  iritucjuli^hai,  my  son,  i.  e.  "my  boy,"  from  VKKjvtr- 
lixl,  boy  (evidently  the  same  word  as  the  Dakota  7tOt;k(t,  young 
man).  In  the  latter  example  icitogiitr^ldi,  apparently  expresses  a  lower 
bond  or  sense  of  relationship  than  w<Vc/.((i,— not  "  mj*  child,"  but  "my 
boy,"  or  "my  youth,"  who  may  leave  me  and  go  elsewhere  at  any  time. 
In  Tutelo  the  pronouns  indicating  property  or  "transferable  pos- 
session" were  commonly  found  in  a  separate  and  ajiparenlly  compound 
form,  following  the  noun,  which  was  tlien  sometimes  (though  not  always) 
heard  in  the  shortened  or  "construct"  form.  Thus  with  hinepi,  axe,  we 
have  : 

Iiitep' migVowi     (or  mi/izfowi)  zny  axG     Jd»ep' maJufitowi      our  axe 
Jiixc.p'  yiTi/fitoici    thy  axe  Jiinep'  in'jVomhui      your  axe 

hisep'  (jitowi         his  axe  Jiisep'  f/ito/mel  their  axe 

So  sda,  bed,  has  sds  miujltowi,  mj'  bed,  aas  yinr/ttowi,  thy  bed,  sas  gi- 
toxci,  his  bed. 
With  tt^onjo,  dog,  we  find  a  different  form  : 

tq^ongo  imhhiinpi    my  dog     (qongo  maoliinjn  (or  mnhkiiupi)     our  dog 
tqtmgo  yahkimpi     thy  dog     tqongo  yahkimpiii  your  dog 

tqiirijo  eo/ikiinpi     his  dog      tt^ongo  kimpena  their  dog 

The  first  of  tlu'se  forms,  miglfowi,  itc,  is  evidently  the  same  that  ap- 
pears in  the  Dakota  mitawo,  mine,  witdWd,  thine,  tawa,  his,  unkitaim,  ours. 
The  Ilidatsa  has  similar  forms,  matamae,  ditamne,  and  itamae,  often  pro- 
nounced mntawde,  nitawue,  and  iUtwde.  Dr.  jMatthews  regards  them  as 
compounds  formed  by  prefixing  the  pronouns  utatif,  ditn  (nit<i)  and  ita  to 
the  noun  mai'  (or  wae)  signifying  personal  property,  which  seems  a  very 
probable  explanation. 

Tlie  form  tmhkiinpi  may  l)e  similarly  explained.  In  Dakota  kipn  signi- 
fies, to  keep  for  me,  and  kipi,  to  hold  or  contain.  Tlie  sense  of  property  or 
possession  is  apparently  implied,  and  (i^ongo  wnhkiinpi  in  Tutelo  probably 
means  "the  dog  my  property,"  or  "the  dog  I  have." 

Tlie  possessive  pronouns  are  used  by  themselves  in  Tutelo  in  the  follow- 
ing alllrmative  and  negative  forms  : 

mimigVbwi  (or  mimig'ttowe,  or  mihttotci)  mine,  or,  it  is  mine 

yingitowi  (yingltowe,  yinhltom)  thine,  or,  it  is  thine 

injlfowi  (iiigltowe,  inkitowi)  liis,  or,  it  is  his 

muqgitowi  (or  tnahglfoirc,  or  mahkitowt)  ours,  or,  it  is  ours 

yingitoDifn'ii  (or  yih'iitombui)  yours,  or,  it  is  yours 

gitonnesel  (or  kiUhiesd)  theirs,  or  it  is  theirs 


1883.1 


25 


IHale. 


kimi(jitonan  (kiinilitonan) 

kinifiyitonctn 

kUjitoiM  Ti 

kinaqfjitonnu 

kinyiijltombdiKtn 

ki(jltoqneiian 


Negative  Form. 


it  is  not  mine 
it  is  not  thine 
it  is  not  liis 
it  is  not  ours 
it  is  not  yours 
it  is  not  tliuirs 


The  proper  form  of  the  first  personal  affirmative  is  doubtless  mujitowi 
(or  mikttowc).  In  miinujttowi  tlio  first  syUablc  is  evidently  froui  the  sepa- 
rate pronoun  mlin,  I,  used  for  emphasis.  In  the  Dakota  the  forms  ntii/e 
mitawa,  me,  mine,  niye  nitawa,  thee,  thine,  &c.,  are  used  for  the  same  pur- 
pose! 

The  negative  form  is  not  found  in  either  the  Dakota  or  the  Ilidatsa,  and 
may  be  regarded  as  another  instance  of  the  greater  wcaltli  of  inflections 
possessed  by  the  Tutelo. 

Tlie  foUowing  are  the  interrogative  demonstrative  and  indefinite  pro- 
nouns in  the  Tutelo,  so  far  as  they  were  ascertained.  The  Dakota  and 
Hidatsa  are  added  for  comparison  : 


Tutolo. 

Dakota. 

Hldiitsa. 

efoirn,  or  hetda 

ttiwe 

tape 

■who? 

a'i'en.,  kaka 

taku 

tapa 

what  ? 

etuk 

tiikte 

to  ;  tua 

which  ? 

t  ike.ma 

tona;  tonnka 

tuami 

how  many? 

tewahltumm 

tmcetawa 

tapeitamrie 

wliose  (is  it)  ? 

neke,  or  veikin;  heiki 

de 

Jiidi ;  kiiii 

this 

yuknn ;  Jiewa;  end 

lie;  ka 

hido  ;  Juno 

that 

ohon,  or  o?io 

ota 

ahii 

many 

Jiok,  huk,  bkahok 

owasin  ;  iyuqpa 

;    ctsa ;  qahtheta 

all 

Tlie  general  resemblance  of  most  of  tliese  forms  is  apparent.  In  tlie  Tu- 
telo for  "whose?"  which  might  have  been  written  tewnf/iiiiTiwa,  we  see 
tlie  afiix  of  the  possessive  pronoun  ((/Ifome)  inflectedto  make  an  interroga- 
tive form.  The  Dakota  and  Hidatsa  use  the  ath.v  (tawa  and  tamac)  witli- 
out  the  inflection. 

The  Verb. 

There  are  two  very  striking  peculiarities  in  whicli  the  Dakota  and  Ilidatsa 
dialects  difler  from  most,  if  not  all,  Indian  languages  of  other  stocks. 
These  are:  firstly,  the  manner  in  which  the  personal  pronoun  is  incorpo- 
rated with  the  verb;  and,  sei  lly,  the  extreme  i)aucity  or  almost  total 
absence  of  inflections  of  mood  and  tense.  In  the  first  of  tlioso  peculiarities 
tlie  Tutelo  resembles  its  western  congeners  ;  in  the  second  it  diflers  from 
them  in  a  marked  degree — more  widely  even  than  the  Latin  verb  dilTers 
from  the  English.  These  two  characteristics  recjuire  to  be  sei)iirately  noted. 

In  most  Indian  languages  the  personal  pronouns,  both  of  the  sul)ject 
and  of  tlic  object,  are  in  some  measure  either  united  with  the  verb  or  iu- 

PUOC.  AMKR.  IMIILOS.  80C.  XXI.   114.   D.      rillNTKD  MAKCII  81,   1883. 


9fi 

Hale.]  '-^  [March  2, 

clicated  by  an  inflection.  Tlie  peculiarity  whicli  distinguishes  the  hmguagis 
of  tlie  Daliotan  stoclv  is  found  in  the  variable  position  of  tliese  incorporated 
pronouns.  They  may  be  placed  at  the  beginning,  at  the  end,  or  between 
any  two  syllables  of  the  verb.  The  position  of  the  pronoun  is  not,  how- 
ever, arbitrary  and  dependent  on  the  pleasure  of  tho  speaker.  It  ai)pears 
to  be  fixed  for  each  verb,  according  to  certain  rules.  These  rules,  how- 
ever, seem  not  yet  to  have  been  fully  determined,  and  thus  it  happens  that 
a  Dakota  dictionary  must  give  the  place  of  the  pronoun  in  every  verb, 
precisely  as  a  Latin  dictionary  must  give  the  perfect  tense  of  every  verb 
of  the  third  conjug.ition.  Thus,  for  example,  in  the  Dakota  proper,  kiir.kn, 
to  bind  (or  rather  "he  binds"),  makes  wakaqka,  I  bind,  yAkakqi,  tliou 
bindest;  maiioii,  he  steals,  mukes  maw  a  >um,  I  steal,  maja.'(ort,  thou  stealest; 
and  ef<;iii,  he  thinks,  makes  etrdii:\\],  I  think,  efr.nJia'i,  thou  thinkest,  tlie  suf- 
fixed pronouns  receiving  a  peculiar  form.  In  the  Ilidatsa,  kidcrj,  lie  loves, 
makes  wvAkUlcr^i,  I  love,  dakkler^i,  thou  lovest  ;  eke,  he  knows,  becomes 
emake,  I  know,  and  edafe,  thou  knowest  ;  and  kitsahikc,  he  makes  good, 
becomes  kitsdhikema,  I  make  good,  and  kitsaJukixla,,  thou  makest  good.  The 
Tutelo  has  the  pronouns  sometimes  prefixed,  and  sometimes  inserted  ;  no 
instances  have  been  found  in  which  they  are  sufiixed,  but  it  is  by  no 
means  improbable  that  such  cases  may  occur,  as  verbs  of  this  class  are  not 
common  in  either  of  the  former  binguages,  and  our  examples  of  conjugated 
verbs  in  Tutelo  are  not  very  numerous.     Among  them  are  the  following  : 

1.  Verbs  with  prefixed  pronouns: 

lakpese,  he  drinks 
yalakphe,  thou  drinkest 
vralakpefie,  I  drink 
hinntkapeicd,  he  sleeps 
yahiantkapeim,  thou  sleepest 
wahiantkapeica,  I  sleep 

teicd,  he  is  dead 
yitewa,  thou  art  dead 
wUeica,  I  am  dead 

2.  The  verbs  in  which  the  pronouns  are  inserted  seem  to  be  the  most 
numerous  class.    The  following  are  examples: 

hahcica,  he  says 
hny'ihewa,  thou  sayest 
havfahewa,  I  say 

malianankft,  he  sits  down 
tiKthny'xnanka,  thou  sittest  down 
mahamvinn^M,  I  sit  down 

iiiksehn,  he  laughs 
inyakseha,  thou  laughcst 
ihwakseha,  I  laugh 
ohdta,  he  sees 
oyahnta,  thou  seest 
ovva/((i.'a,  I  see 


1883.]  27  [Ilftle. 

The  pronouns  may  be  thus  uiserted  in  a  noun,  used  with  a  verbal  sense. 
Thus  wuhla'ca  or  wahtakni,  man  or  Indian,  may  be  conjugated: 

wahtdkai,  be  is  an  Indian 
wnyMtlahai,  thou  art  an  Indian 
wam'ihiakai,  I  am  an  Indiaa 

It  is  remarkable,  however,  that  the  pronoun  of  the  first  person  plural 
is  usually  (though  not  always)  prefixed.  Tims  from  iiKiJuiiumha,  he  sits 
down,  Avo  have  (as  above)  nialuimiDaTika,  I  sit  down,  and  m&fikinahnitanka, 
we  sit  down.  So,  \w<\.inkseha  {or  sometimes  wa/«/.-.'<^//(0>  we  laugh,  and 
maoJidta,  we  see.  On  the  other  band,  we  find  hunvAwkhcwa,  wo  say,  from 
hiJiewa,^\\Q  says,  making  (as  above)  hdWAhnca,  I  say. 

The  word  manon.  he  steals,  has  in  Dakota  the  pronouns  inserted,  as  is 
shown  in  tlie  examples  previously  given.  The  similar  word  in  Tutelo, 
maiioma  or  maiiuitiii,  lias  them  prefixed,  as  y'vnniioma,  thou  stealest,  ma- 
mnnoina,  I  steal.  But  on  one  occasion  this  word  was  given  in  a  different 
form,  as  manuiuUnit,  be  steals;  and  in  this  example  the  pronouns  were  in- 
serted, the  form  of  the  first  personal  pronoun,  and  of  the  verb  itself  in  tliat 
person,  being  at  the  same  time  varied,  as  mayinundrlai,  thou  stealest,  VKt- 
m'lnundaine,  I  steal.  In  Dakota  the  place  of  the  pronoun  is  similarly  varied 
by  a  change  in  the  form  of  the  verb.  Thus  bdki^a,  to  cut  off  witli  a  knife, 
makes  hnwaksa,  I  cut  off  (with  the  j^ronoun  inserted),  while  k((kxf/,  to  cut 
oil  with  an  axe,  makes  wii/.dksd,  I  cut  off  (.with  the  pronoun  prefixed),  and 
so  in  otlier  like  instances. 

The  other  peculiarity  of  the  Dakota  and  Ilidatsa  languages,  which  has 
been  referred  to,  viz.,  the  paucity,  or  rather  absence,  of  all  changes  of 
mood  and  tense  which  can  properly  be  called  inflections,  is  in  strilving 
contrast  with  the  abundance  of  these  changes  which  mark  the  Tutelo  verb. 
The  difference  is  important,  especially  as  indicating  that  the  Tutelo  is 
the  older  form  of  speech.  It  is  an  established  law  in  the  science  of  imguistics 
that,  in  any  family  of  languages,  those  which  are  of  tlie  oldest  formation, 
or,  in  other  words,  which  approach  nearest  to  the  mother  siteech,  are  the 
most  highly  inflected.  The  derivative  or  more  recent  tongU(>s  are  distin- 
guished by  the  compai-.ilive  fewness  of  the  grammatical  elianges  in  the 
vocables.  The  difference  in  this  respect  between  the  Tutelo  and  the  west- 
ern branchas  of  this  stock  is  so  great  that  they  seem  to  belong  to  diflerent 
categories  or  genera  in  the  classification  of  languages.  Tlie  Tutelo  niay 
properly  be  styled  an  inflected  language,  while  the  Dakota,  the  Ilidatsa, 
and  apparently  all  the  other  western  dialects  of  the  stock,  nuist  be  classed 
among  agglutinated  langu.iges,  llie  variations  of  person,  numher,  mood 
and  tense  being  denoted  by  afllxed  or  inserted  particles. 

Thus  in  the  Ilidatsa  there  is  no  difference,  in  the  present  tense,  between 
llie  singular  and  the  plural  of  a  verb.  /I'W^'^^J  signifies  both  "lie  loves" 
and  "they  love  ;"  mnkidcrj,  "I  love,"  and  "we  love."  In  the  future  a 
distinction  is  made  in  the  first  and  second  persons.    DdkUlecidi  signifies 


Hale.]  -^O  [March  ■!, 

t 

"thou  wilt  love,"  of  which  daMdeddiha  is  the  plural,  "yo  will  lovo."  In 
this  language  there  is  no  mark  of  any  kind,  even  by  aflixecl  particles,  to 
distinguish  the  present  tense  from  the  past,  nor  even,  in  the  third  person, 
to  distinguish  the  future  from  the  other  tenses.  A7(f«"(;t  signifies  he  loves,  lie 
loved,  and  he  will  love.  The  Dakota  is  a  little  better  furnished  in  tliis 
way.  The  plural  is  distinguished  from  the  singular  by  the  addition  of  tlie 
particle  7)t,  and  in  the  first  person  by  prefixinsr  the  pronoun  iin,  they,  in 
lieu  of  itii  or  ire,  L     Thus  hirj.d,  he  binds,  mes  k(irj.ain,  they  l)ind. 

Wnkii<;',a,  I  bind,  becomes  uriZv/(;7,'rtpi,  wi  uind.  No  distinction  is  made 
between  the  jiresent  and  the  past  tense.  Kac^la  is  both  he  binds  and  lie 
bound.  The  particle  Ma,  which  is  not  printed  and  apparently  not  pro- 
nounced as  an  afllx,  indicates  the  future.  It  sometimes  produces  a  slight 
euphonic  change  in  the  final  vowel  of  the  verb.  Thus  h'x^ke  kta,  he  will 
bind,  kti(^ka\Vi  kta,  they  will  bind.  All  other  distinctions  of  number  and 
tease  are  indicated  in  these  two  languages  by  adverbs,  or  bj'  the  general 
context  of  the  sentence. 

In  lieu  of  these  scant  and  imperfect  modes  of  expression,  the  Tutelo 
gives  us  a  surprising  wealth  of  verbal  forms.  The  distinction  of  singular 
and  plural  is  clearly  shown  in  all  the  persons,  thus: 

opewa,  he  goes  opeltehla,  they  go 

oyapewa,  thou  goest  oyapepua,  ye  go 

owapewa,  I  go  maopeica,  we  go 

Of  tenses  there  are  many  forms.  The  termination  in  ewa  appears  to  be 
of  an  aorist,  or  rather  of  an  inciefinite  sense.  Opeica  (from  opa,  to  go)  may 
signify  both  he  goes  and  he  went.  A  distinctive  present  is  indicated  by 
the  termination  oma;  a  distinctive  past  by  oka;  and  a  future  by  ta  or  elu. 
Thus  from  kte,  to  kill,  we  have  tcaklewa,  I  kill  him,  or  killed  him,  7riik- 
tibnia;  I  am  killing  him,  and  wakteta,  I  will  kill  him.  So  o/iutu,  he  fiees 
if,  becomes  ohatioka,  he  saw  it  formerly,  and  ohateta,  he  will  see  it.  0[etca, 
he  goes  (or  went),  becomes  opeta,  he  will  go,  inflected  as  follows : 

opetn,  he  will  go  opehehla,  they  will  go 

oyapeta,  thou  wilt  go  oyapefepa,  ye  will  go 

owapeta,  I  will  go  maopeta,  we  will  go 

The  inflections  for  person  and  number  in  the  distinctively  present  tense, 
endhig  in  omi,  are  shown  in  the  following  example  : 

icaginoma,  he  is  sick  waginonhiia,  they  are  sick 

teaylnjinoma,  thou  art  sick  wayinyinSinpo,  ye  are  sick 

wameginoinn,  I  am  sick  manjtDigiiwma,  we  are  sick 

Ohata,  he  sees  it,  is  thus  varied  : 

ohata,  he  sees  it  ohntehla,  they  see  It 

oyahatn,  thou  seest  it  oyahathna,  ye  see  it 

owahata,  I  see  it  maohnta,  we  see  it 


1S831 


29 


[llalc. 


oludibka,  he  saw  it 
oyahatiohi,  thou  sawest  it 
oicafiatiokn,  I  saw  it 

ohntetii,  he  Avill  see  it 
oyahdteta,  thou  wilt  sec  it 
oicalmteta,  I  shall  see  it 


ohatiokelda,  they  saw  it 
oyahutiokewa,  ye  saw  it 
mnohatioka,  we  saw  it 
oMtetehht,  they  will  see  it 
oyahatethua,  ye  will  see  it 
maohateta,  we  shall  see  it 


The  following  examples  will  show  the  variations  of  person  in  the  aorist 
tense  : 


huheien,  he  says 
h(iyi/ie>ra,  thou  sayest 
hairahfica,  I  say 

ki/inindcira,  he  is  hungry 
yikihniiidewa,  thou  art  hungry 
mikVuiiniUwa,  I  hungry 


haliehln,  they  say 
hayihepua,  ye  say 
Jutmnnk^ieica,  we  say 
IViniiiucae,  they  are  hungry 
klhnindepua,  ye  are  hungry 
mahkihnindewa,  we  are  hungry. 


WakiJ^iewa,  I  remember  it,  an  aorist  form,  becomes  in  the  preterite 
wakonapcdka,  and,  in  the  future,  wakoiispela.  It  is  thus  varied  in  the  aorist 
and  past  tenses  : 


wakompewa,  I  remember  it 
pakonspeica,  thou  rememberest  it 
kikompexca,  he  remembers  it 


makikompewa,  we  remember  it 
yakonspepui ,  ye  remember  it 
kikuhspehela,  they  remember  it 


xmkon<<pedka,  I  remembered  it  makikonspeokn,  we  remembered  it 

yakompebka,  thou  remembcredst  it   yakuTispepuyoka,  ye  remembered  it 
kikoTupeoka,  he  remembered  it  kikonspelebka,  they  remembered  it 

In  several  instances  verbs  were  heard  only  in  the  inflected  forms.  For 
tlie  simple  or  root-form,  which  doubtless  exists  in  the  language,  we  are 
obliged  to  have  recourse  to  the  better  known  Dakota  language.  Thus 
opeitia,  he  went,  and  opeta,  he  will  go,  indicate  a  root  opa,  he  goes,  which 
is  actually  found  in  the  Dakota. 

So  manoma  (wliich  is  probably  a  distinctively  present  tense),  and  man- 
ondani,  both  meaning  lie  steals,  indicate  a  briefer  root-form  which  we  find 
in  the  Dakota  7«a;i07i,  having  the  same  meaning.  Manoma,  which  is  proba- 
bly a  contraction  of  manonoma,  is  thus  varied  : 

mamma,  he  steals  manonnese,  they  steal 

yimanoma,  thou  stealest  yimanompua,  ye  steal 

mamanbma,  I  steal  mankmanbma,  we  steal 

From  these  examples  it  is  evident  that  there  arc  variations  of  inflection, 
wiiich,  if  the  language  were  better  understood,  might  probably  be  classi- 
fied in  distinct  conjugations.  Other  instances  of  these  variations  will  be 
given  hereafter. 

It  is  well  known  that  in  the  Iroquois,  Algonquin,  Cherokee,  and  other  In- 
dian languages,  of  different  stocks,  there  are  many  forms  of  the  verb,  negu- 


Hale.]  «^v  lMarch2, 

tive,  interrogative,  desiderative,  and  tlie  like,  which  are  among  tlie  most 
notable  characteristics  of  tliese  languages,  and  add  miicli  to  their  power  of 
expression.  The  Tutelo  has  several  of  these  forms,  but  none  of  them  are 
found  in  the  Dakota  or  Ilidatsa,  both  of  which  express  the  meaning  of 
these  forms  by  adverbial  phrases  or  other  circumlocutions.  The  negative 
form  in  Tutelo  is  made  (in  a  manner  which  reminds  us  of  the  French  ne- 
pas)  by  prefixing  k  or  ki  to  the  afBrmative  and  suffixing  na.  The  tense  ter- 
minations o)na,  owa,  and  ewa,  become  ona  and  ena  in  this  form  : 

inkseha,  he  laughs  ktnkse\nn,  he  does  not  laugh 

inwakseha,  I  laugh  kinicafiaehiia,  I  do  not  laugli 

unmcginoinn,  I  am  sick  kiwamegindna,  I  am  not  sick 

uaktewa,  I  killed  him  kiwaktena,  I  did  not  kill  him 

owakldkn,  I  spealc  koicakldkna,  I  do  not  speak 

waklfdinn,  I  am  killing  him  kmakteona,  lam  not  killing  him 

yaJiowa,  he  is  coming  kiahona,  he  is  not  coming 

Kin\-Hehna,  he  is  not  laughing,  is  thus  varied  in  the  present  tense  : 

kinknehna,  he  is  not  laughing'  kinksehnnenn,  thcj'arenot  laughing 

kihyakxeh/M,  thou  art  not  laughing    kih;/nkite.'ipuna,  ye  are  not  laugliing 
kinuoaksehna,  I  am  not  laughing         kimatnksehna,  we  are  not  laughing 

The  interrogative  form  terminates  in  o,  as  : 

yaktewa,  thou  killedst  him  yakiewo,  didst  thou  kill  him? 

yakteoma,  thou  art  killing  him  yakteohmo,  art  thou  kiling  hira? 

yatetd,  thou  wilt  kill  him  yakte'.o,  wilt  thou  kill  him? 

yafiwa,  thou  dwellest  toka  yntiwo,  where  dost  thou  dwell  ? 

aleica,  he  is  going  toka  alewo,  where  is  he  going? 

It  is  evident  that  this  form  is  an  inflection,  pure  and  simple.  It  is  a  vowel 
change,  and  not  in  any  manner  an  agglutinated  particle.  It  takes  tlie  place 
of  that  elevation  of  tone  with  which  we  conclude  an  interrogative  sentence, 
and  which,  strange  to  say,  is  not  heard  among  the  Dakotas.  Mr.  Riggs  re- 
marks that  "unlike  the  English,  the  voice  falls  at  the  close  of  all  inter- 
rogative sentences." 

The  desiderative  form  appears  to  be  expreireed  by  the  affixed  particle  hi 
or  be,  but  the  examples  which  were  obtained  happened  to  be  all  in  the 
negative,  thus  : 

owapewa,  I  go  koienpebina,  I  do  not  wish  to  go 

opetene,  he  is  going,  or  will  go  kopeheriiae,  he  does  not  wish  to  go 

hawilewa,  I  come  kiwUebiim,  I  do  not  wish  to  come 

waktewa,  I  kill  him  kiwaktebina,  I  do  not  wish  to  kill  him 

The  imperative  mood  is  distinguished  apparently  hy  a  sharp  accent  on 
the  final  syllable  of  the  verb,  which  loses  the  sign  ot  ,'ense.  Thus  from  the 
njo,  to  give  (in  Dakota  and  Hidatsa,  ku),  which  appears  in  maingoica,  I 


1883.]  "^  [Hale. 

givo  to  you,  we  have,  in  the  imperative,  masa  mingo,  give  me  a  linlfe. 
kifene  or  kitesel,  he  kills  him,  gives  kite  tqon'd,  or  iqonic'  kite,  kill  the  dog. 

In  the  western  languages  of  the  Dakota  stock,  certain  particles  prefixed 
to  the  verb  play  an  important  part  in  modifying  the  meaning.  Thus  in 
Dakota  and  Hidatsa  the  prefix  pa  signifies  that  the  action  is  done  with  the 
hand.  J'rom  ksa,  Dak.,  meaning  separate,  we  have  pakm,  to  break  with  the 
hand ;  from  qu,  Hid.,  to  spill,  paqti,  to  pour  out  with  the  hand.  The  Da- 
kota nn,  Ilidatsa  ada  (for  ana)  are  prefixes  showing  that  the  action  is  done 
with  the  foot.  The  Dakota  ya,  Hidatsa  da  (often  pronoimced  ra  or  la) 
show  that  the  act  is  done  with  the  mouth.  Ka  (Dak.)  and  dak  (Hid.)  in- 
dicate an  act  done  by  a  sudden,  forcible  impulse,  &c.  Attempts  wore  made 
to  ascertain  whether  similar  prefixes  were  employed  in  the  Tutelo  speech. 
It  was  found  that  in  many  cases  the  latter  liad  distinct  words  to  express 
acts  which  in  the  western  languages  were  indicated  by  these  compound 
forms.  Still,  a  sufficient  number  of  examples  wore  obtained  to  show  tjiat 
the  use  of  modifying  prefixes  was  not  unknown  to  the  language.  Tims 
the  root  kusa,  which  evidently  corresponds  with  the  Dakota  ksa,  signifying 
separation,  occurs  in  the  following  forms  : 

nantkusisel,  he  breaks  it  ofi  with  the  foot 
latkuaisel,  .he  bites  it  off 
tikusisel,  he  breaks  it  off  by  pushing 
lakatkusisel,  he  cuts  it  off  with  an  axe 

The  Dakota  na,  signifying  action  with  the  foot,  is  evidently  found,  with 
some  modification,  in  the  Tutelo  nantkusisel  above  quoted,  and  also  in  naii- 
kbkisek,  to  stamp  with  the  foot,  and  in  konaqlotisd,  to  scratch  witli  the 
foot.  So  the  cutting,  pushing,  or  impulsive  prefix,  lak  or  laka,  which  ap- 
pears in  lakatkusisel,  is  found  also  in  lakatkusisel,  he  cuts  open,  lakaspeta, 
to  cut  oflf  in  pieces,  lakasase,  to  chop,  lakapleh,  to  sweep  the  fioor.  La, 
which  in  latkusisel  indicates  action  with  the  mouth,  is  found  also  in  lak- 
pese,  to  drink,  and  perhaps  in  yilanaha,  to  count  or  read,  which  has  the 
corresponding  prefix  ya  in  the  Dakota  word  yct'ca,  of  like  meaning 

The  afllxcd  or  incorporated  pronouns  are  used  with  transitive  verbs  to 
form  what  are  called  by  the  Spanish  writers  on  Indian  grammar  transitions, 
that  is,  to  express  the  passage  of  tlie  action  from  the  agent  or  subject  to 
the  object.  Tliis  usage  is  governed  by  very  simnle  rules.  In  the  Dakota  and 
Hidatsa  the  rule  prevails,  that  when  tAVo  <irtixed  pronouns  come  together, 
the  one  being  in  the  nominative  case  anl  the  other  in  the  objective,  the 
objective  always  precedes  the  nominativt  as  in  mnyaki:r^\-a  (Dak.)  me- 
thou-bindest,  dimakideci  (Hid.)  thee-I-love.  In  the  Dakota  the  third  per- 
sonal pronoun  is  in  general  not  expressed  ;  kar^l-d  signifies  both  he  binds, 
and  he  binds  him,  her,  or  it ;  wakd(;'ca  is  I  bind,  and  I  bind  him,  «fcc.  In 
the  Hidatsa,  this  pronoun  Is  not  expressed  in  the  nominative,  but  in  the 
objective  it  is  indicated  by  the  pronoun  i  prefixed  to  the  verb,  as  kide<;i,  he 
loves  ;  ikidcqi,  he  loves  him,  her  or  it. 

The  Tutelo,  as  far  as  could  be  ascertained,  follows  the  usage  of  the  Dakota 


Hale.]  *^^  1  March  :2, 

in  regard  to  the  third  personal  pronoun  (which  ia  not  expressed)  but  differs 
from  botli  tlie  otlicr  languages,  at  least  in  some  instances,  in  the  order  of 
the  pronouns.  Tlie  nominative  affl.K  occasionally  precedes  the  olyective, 
as  in  siwinewa,  I-thee-see.  Yet  in  kohinah'ivntxheua,  me-tliou-strucliest 
(where  the  pronouns  are  inserted),  this  order  is  reversed.  The  rule  on 
■which  these  variations  depend  was  not  ascertained.  Owing  to  tlie  difli- 
colties  of  an  inquiry  carried  on  through  the  medium  of  a  double  translation 
(from  English  into  Cayuga  or  Onondaga,  and  from  the  latter  into  Tutelo), 
it  was  not  easy  to  gain  a  clear  idea  of  the  precise  meaning  of  many  of  the 
e.Tamples  which  were  obtained.  An  Indian  when  asked  to  translate  "  I 
love  thee,"  or  "thou  lovest  me,"  unless  he  is  an  educated  man,  or  per- 
fectly familiar  with  the  language  in  which  he  is  addressed,  is  apt  to  become 
perplexed,  and  to  reverse  the  meaning  of  the  pronouns.  The  following 
examples,  however,  will  sufllce  to  show  that  the  system  of  transitions  exists 
in  the  Tutelo,  though  they  do  not  enable  us  to  analyze  and  reconstruct  it 
completely.  Many  other  examples  were  obtained,  but  are  omitted  from 
u  doubt  of  their  correctness. 

waktcoma,  I  am  killing  him 

icaiktcdma  (for  icayiktebma)  I  am  killing  thee 

mikteoma  he  is  killing  me 

yakteoma,  thou  art  killing  him 

kiteonscl,  he  is  killing  them 

ineiea,  he  sees  him  (or  he  saw  him) 

mincwa,  I  see  him  (qu.  m'ineica,  for  ma-iuiiea) 

mayinewa,  I  see  thee 

miinewa,  he  sees  me 

yiinewa,  he  sees  thee 

miinehla,  they  see  me 

yandosteka,  he  loves  him 
yandomisteka,  he  loves  me 
yandoyisteka,  he  loves  thee      ' 
yandowasieka,  I  love  him 
yandoyasteka,  thou  lovest  him 
yandoyisteka,  he  loves  thee 

niankiandosieka  (qu.  maikiandoyisteka),  we  love  thee 
maihiandostekanese,  we  love  them 
,  icaiyandosteka,  he  loves  us 

tcaiyandoyasteka,  thou  loved  us 

yandostekanese,  he  loves  them  (or  they  love  him) 

yandomistekana,  they  love  me 

kohinanhtwa,  he  struck  (or  strikes)  him 
kohinankyiliiwa,  he  struck  thee 
kohinahmilAwa,  he  struck  me 


J883.J  33  [Hftlo. 

koJiinanwalilvDa,  I  struck  him 
kohinunyahiiea,  thou  struckcst  liim 
kohinan'aciynhtica,  thou  struckcst  me 
kohinunnankiliiica,  we  struck  him 

gikoha  (or  kikoha),  he  calls  to  him 
wigikoha,  I  call  to  him 
ioaiiigikoha,  {ior  wayingikoha),  I  call  to  thee 
injiko/ttse  (for  yingikohhe),  he  calls  to  thee 
injikopolese,  he  calls  to  you 
minjikoha,  he  culls  to  rai 
yigikoha,  thou  callest  to  him 
iaijLopwi,  they  call  to  you 
•  gikohanese,  they  call  to  Ihem 

From  the  foregoing  examples  it  is  evident  that  the  system  of  transitions 
in  the  Tutelo  is  as  complete  as  in  the  Dakota  and  llldatsa.  But  there  are 
apparently  some  peculiar  euphonic  changes,  and  s<mie  of  the  pronouns  are 
indicated  by  terminal  inflections,  particularly  in  the  second  person  plural 
and  in  the  third  person  singular  and  ])lural. 

In  the  Tutelo,  as  in  the  Dakota  and  Hidatsa,  substantives  and  adjectives 
are  readily  converted  into  neuter  verbs  by  the  addition  or  insertion  of  the 
pronouns  and  the  verbal  suffixes.  It  is  in  this  manner  that  those  languages,^ 
like  other  Indian  tongues,  are  generally  enabled  to  dispense  with  the  use 
of  the  substantive  verb.  Thus  in  the  Dakota  witr^tr^'a,  man,  by  inserting 
the  pronoun  ma,  I,  becomes  tcimair^ir^ta  or  icitqimarja,  I  am  a  man,  and  by 
inserting  vn  (we)  and  adding  the  plural  atHx  pi,  becomes  wiun'r^ir^tnpi,  we 
are  men.  So  also  waqte,  good,  becomes  inuwai^te,  I  am  good,  iinuoat^tepi,  we 
are  good. 

In  the  Tutelo  the  word  wahtdka,  or  wahldkai,  man,  is  inflected  as  follows : 

wamihidkai.  I  am  a  man. 
wayihidkni,  thou  art  a  man. 
wahidkni,  he  is  a  man. 
miwamihtdkdi,  Ave  are  men. 
inwuhtdkni,  ye  are  men. 
hukwahidkai,  they  are  men. 

The  last  two  forms  appear  not  to  be  regular,  and  may  have  been  given 
by  mistake.    i/M*w«/t?afcai  probably  means  "all  are  men." 
This  verb  may  take  the  aorist  form,  as  : 

wamihtakduoa,  I  am  (or  was)  a  man. 
wayihtakdioii,  thou  art  (or  wast)  a  man. 
wahtakduoa,  he  is  (or  was)  a  man,  &c. 

So  the  adjective  ti,  good,  becomes,  with  the  aorist  affix  wa,  liwa,  lie  is 
(or  was)  good ;  yimhtuoa,  thou  art  good ;  miinl%u>a,  I  am  good.    In  the 

PKOC.  AMER.  PUILOS.  BOC.  XXI.  114.  E.      PKINTED  MAY  8,  1883. 


Hale.]  9m  |.Maroh2. 

prcsonl  lonso  wo  Imvo  ebt^c,  lie  is  good  ;  ehilfiin,  they  uro,  i^oixl  j  iind  in  lln! 
preterit,,  ebikoii,  lit)  was  good. 

Adoerbs. 

Til  luiiii}'  cases,  as  lias  been  already  sliown,  tlie  Englisli  advttri)  is  iiidi- 
oalod  in  tlie  Tiitelo  by  a  modifleation  of  tlie  verb.  Tlie  negative  adverb, 
for  example,  is  usually  e\|)rcssed  in  lliis  manner,  as  \\\  in'ae.hH',  he  is  laugh- 
ing, kiiiksehnd;  he  is  not  laugliing  ;  ini;jttowr,  it  is  mine,  kuni'jitonttn,  it  is 
not  miiu'. 

Sometimes  the  meaning  which  in  PjUglish  would  be  expressed  by  an 
adverb  accompanying  a  verb,  is  expressed  in  Tutelo  by  two  veri)s.  Thus 
we  have  ihoha,  she  is  sewing,  apparently  from  a  root  iho  or  yeliii,  to  s(!w  ; 
and  kompewn  yeho,  she  is  sewing  well,  i.  e.,  she  is  careful  in  sewing  (lit., 
she  thinks,  or  remembers,  in  sewing)  ;  kcliiui  yeho,  she  is  sewing  badly, 
i.  e.  she  does  not  well  in  sewing  (or  is  not  good  at  sewing).  lien!  keJi'ina  is 
tlie  negative  form  ofbiwa,  he  (or  she)  Is  good. 

Prepositions. 

Many  phrases  were  obtained  witha  view  of  ascertaining  the  prepositions 
of  the  Tutelo,  but  without  success.  Sometimes  an  expression  which  in 
English  requires  a  preposition  would  in  the  Tutelo  appear  as  a  distinct 
word.  Thus,  while  ati  signifies  a  house,  tnkai  was  given  as  equivalent  to 
"in  the  liouse."  It  may  perhaps  simply  mean  "at  home."  Prairie  is 
latahkoi,  but  onu"  signifies  "at  the  prairie." 

Other  examples  would  seem  to  show  that  the  prepositions  in  the  Tutelo, 
as  In  the  Ilidatsa,  and  to  a  large  extent  in  the  Dakota,  are  incorporated 
with  the  verb.  Thus  ^a/ttet  signifies  "woods, "and  tdhkai  njineic,  he  is  in 
tlie  woods.  So  swi,  hill,  and  sui  a'jineie,  he  is  on  the  hill.  The  phrase 
"I  am  going  to  the  house"  was  rendered  wileta  iaft,  and  the  phrase  "  I 
am  coming  from  the  house,"  by  wakleta  iatt.  The  practice  of  combining 
tlie  preposition  with  the  verb  is  very  common  in  the  Indian  languages, 
which  merely  carry  to  a  greater  extent  a  familiar  usage  of  the  Aryan  speech. 
Tlie  expressions,  to  ascend  or  descend  a  hill,  to  circumnavigate  a  lake,  to 
overhang  a  fence,  to  undermine  a  wall,  are  examples  of  an  idiom  so  pre- 
valent in  the  Indian  tongues  as  to  supersede  not  merely  the  cases  of  nouns, 
but  to  a  large  extent  the  separable  prepositions. 

Conjunctions. 

In  the  Tutelo,  conjunctions  appear  to  be  less  frequently  used  than  in 
English.  An  elliptical  form  of  speech  is  employed,  but  with  no  loss  of 
clearness.  The  phrase  "when  I  came,  he  was  asleep,"  is  expressed  briefly 
wihlok,  hianka,  I  came,  he  was  asleep.  So,  "I  called  the  dog,  but  he  did 
not  come,"  becomes  wageldkiok  t(;onk,  kihuna,  I  called  the  dog,  he  came 
not.  When  it  is  considered  necessary  or  proper,  liowever,  the  conjunction 
is  expressed,  as  kuminena,  mi  Jan  hinika,  I  did  not  see  him,  but  John  snw 
him.     Here  "but"  is  expressed  by  mi. 


1S«3.]  '^5  [Hale. 

Nindi  signities  "and,"  or  "iilso."  Wakbtmiha  liifmn  iiifjfh  maneh,  I 
bouglit  II  hut  ami  ii  knife.  Ouxdioka  waktaka  ni</di  mihin  nomba  lek,  I 
met  II  umn  and  two  women. 

Li,  which  expresses  "if,"  appears  to  be  combined  with  the  verb,  at  least 
in  iironunciation  ;  tliiis:  Li/iluk,  wage'djita,  Iflio  comes,  I  will  tell  him; 
mhuta,  Jan  Uhiok,  I  will  come  if  John  comes.  It  is  noticeable  in  the  last 
two  examples  that  the  accent  or  stress  of  voice  in  the  word  Uhiok,  if  he 
comes,  appears  to  vary  with  the  position  of  the  word  in  the  sentence. 

,  Syntax. 

The  only  points  of  interest  which  were  ascertained  in  regard  to  the 
synta.v  of  the  language  related  to  the  position  of  words  in  a  sentence. 

The  adjeclive  follows  the  noun  which  it  qualifies,  as  loahUike  It,  good 
man,  aft  amn.  white  house.  The  rule  applies  to  the  numerals,  as  mi/idn 
noTim,  one  woman,  ait  nohbul,  two  houses.  In  this  respect  the  Tutelo 
conforms  to  the  rule  which  i)revail3in  the  Dakota  and  Ilidatsv  languages, 
as  well  as  in  the  dialects  of  the  Iroquois  stock.  In  the  Algonkin  lan- 
guages, on  the  other  hand,  the  adjective  precedes  the  noun. 

The  position  of  the  verb  appears  to  be  a  matter  of  indiflerence.  It 
sometimes  precedes  the  noun  e.\prcssing  either  the  subject  or  the  object, 
and  sometimes  follows  it,  the  meaning  being  determined  apparently,  as  in 
Latin,  by  the  inflection.  Tims  "I  see  a  man,"  is  minewn  WMicdj  (I  see 
him  a  man)  ;  and  "the  man  sees  me  "  is  miineioa  waited]  (he  sees  me  the 
man).  I'r.onko  miiijo,  give  me  a  dog  ;  kitelr^'in'd,  kill  the  dog.  In  the  last 
example  the  change  [nn\\t(^mko  to  (r.ni'd  is  apparently  not  a  grammatical 
inflection,  but  Is  merely  euphonic.  The  verb  in  the  imperative  mood  sufll- 
ciently  shows  the  speaker's  meaning,  and  the  position  of  ihe  noun  is  a 
matter  of  emphasis.  "A  dog  give  me,"  not  a  knife  ;  "  kill  the  dog,"  don't 
let  him  escape. 

A  verb  is  placed  after  another  verb  to  which  it  bears  the  relation  ex- 
pressed by  our  infinitive  ;  as  miiiyiloqkd  loakteta,  let  mo  kill  him  (allow 
me,  I  will  kill  him).  Wakonta  opeta,  I  will  make  him  go  (I  cause  him  he 
will  go). 

The  euphonic  changes  which  words  undergo  in  construction  with  other 
words  are  as  marked  in  this  language  as  they  are  in  the  proper  Dakota 
tongue,  and  seem  to  be  often  of  a  similar,  if  not  identical,  character  in  the 
t'.vo  languages.  Thus  in  Dakota  the  word  qun'cii,  dog,  becomes  qun'ce 
when  a  possessive  pronoun  is  prefi.xed.  In  the  Tutelo  a  similar  change 
takes  place  when  the  position  of  the  noun  Is  altered  ;  thus  we  have  iqonko 
mingo,  give  me  a  dog  ;  kite  tqmki,  kill  the  dog.  The  terminal  vowel  is 
frequently  dropped,  and  the  consonant  preceding  it  undergoes  a  chmge  ; 
tlius  in  Dakota  yma,  to  hold,  becomes  yus  in  the  phrase  yus  majiii,  to 
stand  holding.  In  Tutelo  nahdmbi  (properly  nahdn'ii)  or  nahdbi,  day, 
becomes  nahdmp  (or  nahdp),  in  nahdmp  Idli  (or  nahdp  lali),  three  days. 
In  such  instances  the  two  words  which  are  thus  in  construction  are  pro- 
uouuced  OS  though  they  formed  a  single  word. 


Hale.] 


36 


[March  2, 


VOCABULARY. 

Particular  care  was  taken  to  obtain,  as  correctly  as  possible,  all  the  words 
compriHccl  In  tiie  comparative  vocabulary  adopted  by  Qallatin  for  his  Syn- 
opsis of  the  Indian  languages.  Many  other  words,  expressive  of  the  most 
common  objects  or  actions,  have  been  added.  Tlie  alphabetical  arningc- 
mcnt  is  adopted  for  convenience  of  reference,  in  lieu  of  tlie  different  order 
which  Gallatin  preferred  for  tlie  purposes  of  his  work.  The  Dakota  and 
Hidatstt  words  are  derived  from  tlie  dictionaries  of  Mr.  lliggs  and  Dr. 
Mattliews,  willi  the  necessary  changes  of  ortijography  wliieh  are  required 
for  the  direct  comparison  of  tlie  three  languages. 

When  several  words  arc  given  in  tlic  Tulelo  list,  they  are  sometimes,  as 
will  be  seen,  mere  variations  of  pronunciation  or  of  grammatical  form,  and 
Bomctimcs  entirely  distinct  expressions.  Tho  Tutelo  has  no  less  than  four 
words  for  "man,"  inahtaka,waiyuioa  {or  wuitraq)  yu'ihm,  and /<»««,  which 
have  doubtless  ditiiirent  sliadcs  of  meaning,  tliougli  these  were  not  ascer- 
tained. Tliere  are  also  two  distinct  words  meaning  "to  sec,"  iueioa,  and 
ohata,  and  two  for  "go."  opeioaa,ni\q(da{ar,  rather  opa  and  la,  answering 
to  opa  and  ya  in  Dakota).  A  more  complete  knowledge  of  the  language 
would  doubtless  afford  tho  means  of  discriminating  between  these  appa- 
rently synonymous  terms. 

The  words  marked  n  in  the  vocabulary  are  those  which  were  received 
from  Nikonlia  himself.  The  pronunciation  of  these  words  may  be  accepted 
as  that  of  a  Tutelo  of  the  full  blood,  and  as  affording  a  test  of  the  correct- 
ness of  the  others. 


Tutolo. 

Dakota.   ' 

Hldatsa. 

Alive 

ini,  eni,  inina 

ni 

hiwakatsa 

All 

huk,  hok,  okahok 

iyuipa 

qukaheta ;  ctsa 

And 

nigas 

klia:  tQ'i;  ufikafi ; 

nakufi 

\^ 

Arm 

h:<;'o  (n)  histo 

isto 

ara 

Arrow 

mafiksil;  maiikol  (n 

)  wafihlnkpo 

ita,  maita 

Ashes 

alapok 

tqiqota 

midutsapi 

Aunt 

watemai ;  tomin 

tufivvin 

iqami;  ika 

Autumn 

tariyi,  ta'i 

ptiifiyetu 

mata 

Awake 

kiklese 

kikta 

itsi ;  hidamitats 

Axe 

niscp  (n),  hiscpi, 

hi&<Jp 

onspe 

maiptsa 

Bad 

okayek  (n)  okayik, 

ukayik 

«5itQa 

icia 

Bag 

mafiksui 

ojuha 

i<ji 

Ball 

tapi 

tapa 

m&ot&pi 

Berk  (n) 

qapi ;  yohifik 

Qjnba 

midaigi ;  qtlpi  (v) 

Bear 

munti  (n)  monti, 

mcfiJi 

mato 

daqpitsi 

Beads 

watai 

totodaS 

akutohi 

IfWi.] 


37 


[Hals. 


Tulelo. 

Dakota. 

HlduiHik 

liianer 

yaip  (n)  muiiiKika 

t<;  ipa 

inirapa 

Beard 

ytllii ;  istihioi 

pulinliin  (l\;n.  hair, 

i<;'i,  undorlip) 

iki  (hi,  hair) 

Jted 

fiasi 

owinja 

aduqiipi 

lieg 

oyandise 

da;  kida 

kadi 

Bird 

may  ink 

zitka ;  wakinyan 

tsakaka 

Bird's  nest 

mayc'fig!6qta, 

hoqpi 

iklQl 

Bite  off  (to) 

latkfisiscl, 

yaks4 

adudatflft 

Black 

ttsdpi,  asup  (n) 

sapa 

dpi 

Blood 

wayi  (N) 

we 

m 

Blue 

asoti 

to  ;  sola 

tohl 

Jiody 

tosl ;  yuqf^kl 

tafiQifl ;  (tezi,  belly; 

I  iqo    (titsi,    thick, 
stout) 

Boil  (to) 

liiolia 

ohau ;  Ipiqya 

miduo 

Bone 

walioi,  wahui 

hu 

liidu 

Book 

minagl 

wowapl 

« 

Boy 

wakasik  (n);  guts- 

kai ;  waitiwa 

hok(j'dafi  ;  koQk& 

makadistamatse 

Bow  (n) 

ino.-ik,  inosek  (n) 

itazipa;  tinazipe 

itanuqa ;  niinuqa 

Brain 

wasoti,  wasut 

nasu 

tsuula 

Bread 

Tvagcsakwai,     wak- 

sakpai 

aguyapi 

madahapi 

Break  (Jto)  with     • 

foot 

lakatkfisisel 

naksa 

anaqoqi 

Brother 

niwagenumpai    (n] 

1 

iQginumbai 

tcifiye 

iaka;itanu;itaiue- 

Brother,     elder 

tsa 

(my) 

witatSsk  ;  wital ;  wa 

- 

hiik 

tcifiye ;  timdo 

itametAa ;  iaka 

Brother, 

younger  (my)  wisufitk,  minon 

misufika 

matsuka 

Buffilo 

iap;  mampafiilahkai 

tatafika ;  pte 

kcdapi ;  mite 

Bum  (v.  a.) 

inausfnga 

ghu  ;  aghu 

anaqa 

Bury 

suntese 

ga ;  huaka 

But 

mi 

tuka 

Buy 

kilomiha ;     waglu- 

mibiata 

opetofi 

maihu 

Gall  (c.  a.) 

kikolia;  gelaki 

kit<;a 

kikuba  (invito) 

Vanoe 

minkolhapi,     men- 

^ 

kolaliapi 

wata ;  canwata 

midaluetna;  mina- 

'    ' 

luetsa 

Gat 

pus  (N)  (i.  e.  puss) 

inrauQunka  (dog- 
panther) 

Cause  (v) 

konta 

etQonkiya 

Rale.1 


38 


[March  2. 


'  ■ 

Tutelo. 

Dakota. 

Hldatsa. 

Cheek 

tikstdh 

tapon,  iyoqa 

Cherry 

yosankrota 

tcanpa,  kakanpidan 

matsu 

Child 

wakasik;  wagots- 

kai  (see  swa^O 

liokQiyopa 

daka;  makidiijta 

CJiop  (o) 

lakasase 

kaksa 

naktbuki 

Churn  (y) 

mampamasawohoka  bot(jo 

Claw 

oluskese 

tsake 

tsakaka  itsi 

Cloud 

maqosi  (n) 

maqpiya 

Club 

yelieli 

tqan  otoza 

mulakaza  titsi 

Cold 

sani 

sni 

tsinie 

Come 

yaliua.'howa,  hi 

uwa 

hu 

Copper 

pcnihei 

maza 

netsahigi<ji 

Count  (») 

yilanaha 

yawa 

Cranberry 

liohnu3k 

potkaiika,  potpanka 

\ 

Crane 

kainstakai 

pehafi 

opitsa 

Crow  in) 

kahi 

untQ'Qitqadan 

pedetska    . 

Cry  (c) 

qaqise 

tQeya 

iraia 

Cut   {v)  with 

kntfe 

lakatkosa 

baksd 

nakts^ki 

Dance  (v) 

wagitQi  (n),  ketQl 

watgi 

kidiiji 

Darkness 

usvliaa,  ohsilia 

okptiza  (hail,  night) 

oktsi;  tatsi 

Daughter  {my)  whUkiX    (n),    wi- 

ohafike,  miohaiik 

mitcunk;;i 

maka 

Day 

nahambe,  nahamp, 

.»,-_'  .  .  -■.  .'■>. 

nalianpe 

aSpetu,  anp^ 

mape          ^    " 

Dead 

te,  teka 

ta 

te 

Deer 

witai 

taqifitga 

tQitat&ki 

Devil   (evil 

•'.1  .'    ; 

spirit) 

mampa  isi 

wakan<jit(ja 

• 

Die 

te  (n),  teolaha 

ta 

te 

Dog 

tQofig    (n)    iQongo 

t<;;mki,  tqonk 

Qunka 

maquka 

Drink  (c) 

lakpe,  lapeta 

yatkan 

hi ;  minhi 

Duck 

i<}tai    (n),    heistaS 

maneasei    (see 

' 

Ooose) 

maghaksitQa ;  skisk 

I  miqaka 

Ea¥ 

naqoq  (n),  naliuh 

noghe ;  nakpa 

akuql 

Earth 

amani,  amai 

inaka 

ama 

Bai 

IQti 

yutrt 

duti  (nuti) 

Egg 

mayink  pos  (sec 

Bird) 

witka 

tsakakadaki 

Eight 

p&I&n    (N)    palani, 

pal  all 

(jadoghan 

nopapi 

1883.] 


[Hale. 


Tutelo. 

Dakota. 

llldatsu. 

Eighteen 

ugepalali,  akipalani 

ake  Q'ldoghan 

aqpidopapi 

Eleven 

agcnosai,  akinosai 

ake  wanjidan 

aqpiduetsa 

Evening 

osihltcwa  (sec  Dark- 

, 

ness,  Mght) 

qayetu 

oktsiade 

Eye 

tasui,   tasuyo  (n) 

\ 

(mentasui,  my  e.) 

iqta 

iQta 

Face 

talukna ;  taiubna 

•  - 

(meniiilokcn.my  f. 

)ite  ;  itolinake 

ite 

Father 

eati;  tat  (n);  yat  (n) 

1  ate 

ate  ;  tatiQ 

Fifteen 

agegisai,  akekisai 

akc-zaptan) 

aqpikiqu 

Finger 

liak  (see  Hand) 

nape 

<;akiadutsainihe 

Finger-nails 

tsuttaki,  tQut(;ag 

qalve 

<;akii(;pu 

Fire 

pi:Q  (n)  peti,  pet<; 

pet  a 

Msh 

wilioi  (n) 

hogliaii 

mua 

Five 

kaf  a  (n)  kise,  kisau, 

kisahi,  kij-ahilni 

zaptaii 

kiqu 

mesh 

■wayu(il6ki,  wayuq- 

• 

•    tik 

tQeqpi ;  tqonitga 

idukqiti 

Fog 

manotihua 

opo 

pue 

Food 

•walfiti 

woyute 

maduti 

Foot 

i(}i  (N)  isi 

si  ha 

itii 

Forehead 

tikoi  ;  pania  niinte 

\W 

Iqi 

Forest 

tahkai 

tQofitaiika 

Four 

lop  (N),  topa,  topai, 

toba 

topa 

topa 

Fourteen 

agetoba,  akitopa 

ake -topa 

aqpitopa 

Fox 

tohkai 

(jungidaii 

Iqoka 

Friend 

witaho,  witaqa 

koda ;  kitQuwa 

idakoc ;  iko'pa 

Ghost 

wanuntQi 

wauaghi 

nokidaqi 

Girl 

•Hagat<;(N)  ^vaka!^ik 

* 

komqaii  (n) 

witQ'fiyaSna 

makadiQtamia ; 
miakaza 

Go 

opewa  ;  qala  ;  la 

ya ;  opa 

nakon  ;  ne  ;  kaua 

God 

eingycn,  einga 

wakantaiiku 

daqi,  naqi  (spirit) 

Good 

ebi  (N),  bi,  pi,  ipi, 

biwa 

waQte  ;  pi  (obsolete)  tsuki 

Goose 

manuuFau 

magha 

mina 

Grandfather 

ekufii,  higuii 

tuiikaiiQidaii 

adutaka 

Grandmother 

higuii 

kuiisitku  ;  unt<;i 

iku 

Grass 

(^unktaki  (n),  muk- 

tagi ;  otoi 

peji 

^raMi"  •-*>..,.,^^ 

Great 

i(&iii  (N),  ilaii 

taSku 

/^  iqtia  ^ll;7>^ 
tohi(;a           H/^ 

Green 

oto  (^),  otolakoi 

t<. 

1 

\ 

%,^ 

Hale.] 


Gun 

Hail 
Hair 

Hand 

JIandaome 

Have 

Hat 

Ilatcfiet 

He 

Head 

Ileart 

Hers 

Him 

Himself 

House 

How  many 

Hundred 

Hunger  («) 

Husband 


I  alone  or  I  my 

self 

let 

If 
Indian 

Iron 
Island 


Kettle 

KiU 

Knife 


Lake 
Land 
Laugh 
Leaf 


Tutelo. 
niinkto  (n) 


Dakota, 
niazakan 


[March  2, 
Midatsa. 


uia'kuqpitami 
ana  ;  hi 


UQll  wasu 

na(6nwe(N),  nim'.6i, 

nat6i  natu ;  Iiin 

hag  (n),  haki,  ak      napo     (<jake,    claw, 

linger- nail)  giiki 

pire  (n),  ipi,  ipikani 

(see  ij'>od)  owanyag  waste 

taliontanoki  tin-maQLinlQa  itfiki 

lubus  ;  kotub63  (n)    wapaha  apoka 

(see  axe) 

im,  i  iQ,  iye  i,  <;e 

pasuye  (n),  pasui       pa  atu 

yiiiiti  (n),  yanti;  lapl  tcante  (tapi,  liver)     na'ta  (apiQa.liver) 


den,  detu 

iye,  i<j 

iye,  ig 

tipi 

tnna,  toiiaka 

opawinghc 

wotoktehda  (hun- 

g>y) 

hihna 
m:q,  miye 


nei 

e,  el,  i 
e^ai,  i^&ni 
ati  (N) 
tokenun 
ukeni,  okeni 
kihnindewa 

mauki 

ma,  mi,  mim 

misaiii,  misai 

nonhi ;  mmgiratqah  tQtgha 
li  kinlinfi 

wahlakai  (man)         iklqewitijasta 
mn«3,  mm,  ma- 

si:;[oiak  nia/asapa 

histek,  stok,  stes- 

teki  wita 

yesifik  t<jegha 

kite  (n),  kte,  kiteae  kte,  kaU 
raastni,  masel,  taia- 

sai  (n)  masa  i»an 

(see  Sea) 

(see  Earth) 

inkseha.  inkqe  (n)    iqa 

oloi,  oloii  (n)  ape;  wapa 


1 

iqki 

ati 

luami,  tuaka 

pitikiqtia 

aniiti  (hungry) 
kida,  kina 

ma,  mi 


niiye,  niig,  mignana  miqki,  mitsaki 
manuqi 

amakanoqpaka 

uetsa 


miduqa 
ta,  kitivhe 

maetsi 


ka' 
midapa 


1883.1 


41 


[Hal*. 


Tiitelo. 

Dakota. 

Hidatsa. 

Ltg 

yeksa    (n),    ickea, 
yeksai;  mini  {my 

'■                                                        ,    .■ '  ' 

leg) 

idiki  or  iniki 

Long 

yardske  (n)  sui; 

yumpafikatska 

hanska 

hat8ki;(taua,  nor- 
roto) 

Lot4 

yandowasteka 

waQtedaka 

kide<;i 

Maiee 

mandaqei,    malaqe 

(N) 

wamnabeza 

kobati 

'Make 

aoma,  non 

ufi 

be,  bin! 

Man 

walilahka,  waiyua 
(n),     waiyuwa, 
waiwaq;  yuhkan, 

nona 

witQaQta 

matse,  itaka,  ^i- 
kaka 

M".TTy 

ohon,  olidteha 

Ota 

abu 

M» 

mi,  wi 

ma,  mi 

mi 

Meet 

oaki 

akipa 

uzia 

Mine 

migltowe 

mitawa 

matawae   .  » 

Moon 

minosa'    (n),    mi- 

maliei  (see  Sun) 

banyetu-wi 

makumidi 

Morning 

kanaliampiiaj.kana- 

babnen  {see  Day)  lianhauna 

ata 

Mother 

ica  (n).  liena.lieniin  ina 

bidu 

Mountain 

(;uqe,  sulii;  obeki 

qe;  paba 

amaqami 

Mouth 

ilii,  ill  (N) 

1, 

i 

Mytelf 

(see  •' I  alone") 

, 

■    ■-• 

Near 
Neck 

Night 
Nine 


Nineteen 

No 

Non* 


inktei,  askai  kiyedan  atsa 

tasei,  mintasei  (my 

n.)  tabu  ;  dote 

usi,  osi  ban  ;  bafiyetu 

tsaen  or  tQa  (n),  ta, 

saS,   ksank ;  kea- 

kai,  ka^ankai         napt^inwanka 
agekisauka  uiima-DaptQinwanka  agpi-nuetsapi 

yaban,  ibao  biya  desa ;  nesa 

paqte,  paqti  poglie  apa 


ampa 
oktsi 


nuetsapi 


Oak 

Old 
Om 


taskahdi,     taskabiii 

(n) 
boakai,  bobka 
nonq    (k)i     noiis, 

nosat,  nousa 


kaS 


wanji,  sanni 


midakamiqka 
qe,  qie 

nuetsa 


pnOC.  AMEU.  PHIL08.  HOC.  XXI.  114.  F.     PHINTED  MAY  8,  1883. 


Hale.] 


4M 


[Marchl2, 


Ours 

Ourselves 

Partridge 
Pigeon 
Pine-tree 
Pipe 


Pound  (t)) 

Prairie 

Rain 

Raspberry 
Red 

Remember 
Rioer 
Run  (o) 

Say  (b) 
Sea 


8ee(v) 

Seven 

Seventeen 
Sew  (o) 
Shoes 


Shoot  ojf  (p) 
Sick 
Sing  (d) 
Sister 

Sit 
Six 

Sixteen 
Sky 


Tutelo. 
maqgitowe 
maesai,  macs&ni 


Dakota, 
uiikitawa 


Hidatsa. 
matawae 
midohi 


wustetkai  zltqa 

mayutkai,  wayotkai  wakiyedaii 

wasti,  waste  (n)        wazi  matai 

yelilfistik  (n),  ililr- 

tik,  ihenstek  (qu, 

"mouth-stone")     tqotanka ;     tQandu- 

hupa  ikipi 

pahe  apa  pa 

latahkoi  tiuta  amaadatsa,  teduti 

qawoi  (n),  qawoqa, 

hawolia,  qawo       maghaju  qade 

hasisiai  takaulietqa 

atsuti,  atQuti,  atQut    data    (scarlet),     (ja 

(red)  hiQi 

koSapewa  kiksuya 

taksita,  taksitai  wakpa ;  watpa  azi 

hinda,  hanta  (n)        inyaiika  tioie 

hahewa  (see  Speak)  eya  XM 

yetani,  yetal,  ietafi    mdo    (lake);    mini- 

wan:(}.i(o/iewa<6r)minIiqtia     (great 
water) 
ohata,    inewa,    wa-  touwan  ;    wauyaka ; 

qeta  wanlidaka  ika ;  atsi^a 

sag6m  (n),  sagomei, 

sagomink  <;akowin  gapua 

agesagomi  ake-(j  ikowin  aqpigapua 

ilioha  kaghcghc ;  ipasisa     kikaki 

handisonoi  (n),  an- 

golilei,      agore, 

agode  tcaShanpa  hupa;  itapa 

opatansel  bopota 

waginoma         '         yazan  iqoade 

yamuiiiyo  (n)  dowafi  ;  ahiyaya 

minek  (n),  tahank    tawinoqtin  ;    tanka, 

tanku  iuu,  itaku,  i(;am{ 

mahananka  iyotanka  amaki 

agii3    (n).    ak&sp, 

akaspei  qakpe  akama 

agegaspo  ake^ikpe  aqpiakama 

mantoi,     matofii, 

matoi  maqpiya  to  apaqi 


1883.1 


43 


[Hale. 


Tutelo.  Dakota.  Hidatsa. 

Sleep  (c)  hlyun  (n);   Iiianta, 

liiivntkapcwa  i^tiutna  hami,  binami 

Small  kutQkai  (s),  kutskai, 

kotskai  f<;istinna  ;  tqikadan  ; 

ni<jkodan  karigta 

Snake  wageni  wan;  waradugka        mapokqa 

Son  wileka  (n),  tekai; 

qut<5kal(see|SmaZ0  tqinklQi     (ko(;k&, 

young  man)  idiqi 

Speak  niqa  (n),  sali^Bta, 

saliita,   hahewa, 
oakUvka  ia;yaotafiin  id^,  m6 


Spring  (n) 

wchaliempei,  weba- 

^liimpe;  maste 

wetu  (inaQtd,  warm) 

Squirrel 

nistaqkai 

laqaahetQi;    Iietk- 
adun;ziQa 

Stamp  («) 

with  foot 

nankokisek 

natata,  natautan 

Star 

tabunilQkai  (N),tap 

- 

ninskai 

wifQanqpi 

iQka 

Stay  (v) 

nnfika  (see  SU) 

yaiika 

daka 

Steal 

manoii,  nianonia 

manofi 

a<;adi 

Stone 

hist<5ki,  nistek  (n) 

inynn 

mi' 

Strawberry 

liaspalilnuk 

waju(;tet<ja 

amu&qoka 

Strike 

kohinunhiwa 

apa,  kaQtaka 

Strong 

ilai;  soli;  wayupiiki  suta;  waq'aka 

itsii 

Summer 

welie    piwa     (see 

Spring) 

radoketu 

ade,  mande 

Sm 

mic  or  min  (n),  mi 

i 

(see  Moon) 

wi 

midi 

Sweep  (c) 

lakapl6k 

kahinta 

2»» 

potsk  (n),    putsk, 
but<}k,    putrkai, 

putsktini 

wiktijerana 

pilika 

That 

yuk&n;  neikin 

ka,  kon 

ka 

Tliee 

lii.  yi 

ni 

ni 

Tfieir 

gitonnesel 

tawapi 

itamae 

Tliert 

kowai 

hetgi;  hen;  ka;  kauki  hidikoa;  kuadi; 

Qckoa 

They 

imalicse 

lyepi 

1 

Thine 

yiSgitowe 

nitawa 

nitawae 

Thirteen 

agclali 

ftke-yamni 

aqpinami 

Tliirty 

put(;ka  nani 

vrikt^emna  yamni 

damia-pitika 

Hale.] 


41 


[March  2, 


Tutelo. 

Dakota. 

Hidatsa. 

ThU 

u^ko,  neikin 

de ;  detQedan 

hidi ;  hint 

Think 

opemilia ;  konspewa 

eg  S ;  epQa 

idie ;  inle 

Tlum 

yim,  ya,  ye 

nig,  ya,  ye 

na,  ni 

Thoutand 

okcni  butskai,  ukcn 

I 

mbutskai 

kektopawinghe 

pitikiqtia  akakodl 

Three 

nan(N)nani,1at,Iaiii 

yamni 

nami,  nawi 

Thunder 

tui ;  tuhangrua 

otin 

tahu 

Thyself 

yisai,  yes&ni 

niye,  ni(j 

niqki 

Tie  it) 

olohi 

lyakaQka ;  paqta 

dutskiti 

Tobacco 

ydhni,  yihnu 

tQandi 

ope 

lo-day 

nah&mbleken  (see 

Day) 

etQin  ;  nakaha  ;  an^ 

petu  kin  de 

hini-mape 

Toet 

atkasusai 

siyukaja ;  sipinkpa 

itsiadutsamihe 

To-morrow 

nahampk  (see  To- 

day) 

heyaketcinkan 

ataduk,  ataruk 

Tongue 

netQi,  nctsi,  letci 

tQCJi 

dezi  (nczi) 

Tooth 

ilii  (N) 

Ui 

i,  hi 

Town 

mampi,  matnbl 

otonwe 

ati,  ati  ahu 

Tree 

oni ;  widu  (n)  mi<5ii 

(see  Wood) 

tijan 

mina  (wood) 

Turkey 

mandahkai,  tnan- 

duhkat 

zitQa  tanka 

Twelve 

agenomba 

ake-nonpa 

aqpidopa  (agpi- 
nopa) 

Twenty 

putska  nomba 

wiktcemna  nonpa 

nopapitika 

Two 

nomp  (n)  nomba 

aoupa 

nopa,  dopa 

Ugly 

ukayik  (see  Bad) 

ownnyaq  sitqa 

icia 

Uncle  (rny) 

minok' 

midekqi;  ate  (father)  ate ;  itadu 

Us 

mae,  wae 

¥& 

mido,  wiro 

VaUey 

onc[yay^fi 

kaksiza  ;  t<;okan 

amaqaktupi 

Walk  (c) 

yalewa  (see  Oo) 

mani 

dide 

Warm 

akateka,  akatia 

kata  ;  tgoza ;  maQte 

ade 

Wairior 

eruiaoiie 

akitQita ;      mdeta 

- 

huiika 

akimakikua 

Water 

mani  (n) 

mini 

mini,  midi 

We 

mim,     mae,     wae 

» 

man,  maesau 

un 

Weav4 

anktaka 

yanka ;  kazonta 

Weep 

qaka 

t<;3ya 

imia 

Which 

etuk 

tukte 

tapa 

What  it  that. 

'  kakanwa 

taku  (what) 

tapa 

1883.1 


45 


[Hale. 


When 

Where 
White 

Whose 
Wtfe 

.Wind 


Winter 
Wolf 


Woman 


Tutelo. 
tokenaq 


Dakota, 
toliinni ;  kehan 

toki,  toklya 


toka 

asuiii    (n),      asani, 

asai,  asci  san ;  ska 

ketoa,  heloa  tuwe 

tewaki.u.iwa  tuwetawa 

(same    as    Woman") 

raihani  tawitQu 

maniukiti  (n),  niam- 

unkloi,  inamiakre, 

omaklewa  tate 

wancfii,  Avanei  wani,  waniyetu 

munktagia    (n), 

muaktokai,    mak- 

tukai  Qufiktoketqa 

miliafii,  mihaa  (x), 

niahci  wlnohintQa,  wiQyan  mia 


Hidntsa. 
tuakaduk ;  tuaka- 

<;edu 
torn,  toka 


atuki ;  oqati 

tape 

tapeitamae 

itadamia ;  ua 


hutsl 
mana;tsinic(co2(0 


motsa ;  t^CQa 


Wood 
Work  (e) 

mlycni,  mien,  miyci 
oknaho 

i  tQin 
qtani 

mina 

dahc ;  kikqa 

Telloto 

yim  (see  Thou) 
Eli 

niyepi 
zi 

dido;  niro 
tsi 

Tes 
Testerday 

&\\&,  ahail,  awaqa 
silo 

liau  ;  ho 
qtanihan 

e 

budiqcdu;     huri 

Toung 
Tour  (pi) 

y4nki 
yifijiilambui 

askatudan  wota 
nitawapi 

<5cru 

Hale.] 


46 


[March  2, 


1S83.] 


47 


[Hale. 


